International Justice Day 2022

               Justice is a very important issue. Injustice and violation of our human rights can't be tolerated. Two weeks ago, precisely on 17th of July, all over the world was celebrated the importance of justice. This post is a summary of four articles. The first with the title above was published at   https://www.indiaonlinepages.com/articles/international-justice-day/. The second was published at   https://www.timebulletin.com/world-day-for-international-justice-history-significance-and-theme-2022-of-the-day-of-international-criminal-justice/. The third was published at  https://guidely.in/blog/world-day-for-international-justice. The fourth was published at  https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/world-day-for-international-justice-what-you-should-know-101658031755459.html

                    International justice day is celebrated on 17th of July to mark the epitome importance of giving justice to all those in need who fell victim to incidents such as genocide, crime, and the crimes that happens against humanity. The main reason why this day is celebrated is that on this very date the International Criminal Court was well established which was then followed by the Rome Statute adoption. Through a treaty, in 1998, the ICC or International Criminal Court was established, and ever since then almost 139 countries already signed the treaty of the Court and it was ratified by aproximately 80 states who are representatives of every region. The International Criminal Court understand the importance of creating awareness among people and uniting them to support justice meanwhile promoting the rights of the victims. Additionally, this date plays a major role in attracting all the people so that they would pay attention to serious global issues. On this day, although the main focus paying attention to the ICC, multiple events across several countries are hosted. Apart from that, this day is widely celebrated to pay respect to all the individuals who have been tirelessly working as advocates to protect the fundamentals human rights of the victims.                                                                                                     The World Day for Justice is seen on July 17th every year to perceive the strengthening system of international justice and furthermore to advance the freedoms of the victims. The theme for World Justice Day 2022 is 'Achieving Justice Through Formal Employment'. Around 60% of the world's employed populace acquire their livelihoods in the casual economy. These individuals need social protection and employee-related benefits. International Justice Day is celebrated to inspire individuals to meet up for justice. This day tell us that regardless of how various we are from one to another, with regards to justice, the entire world becomes one.                                                                                                                                                                                                                 International Criminal Court (ICC) is the first independent and permanent international court that can hear cases involving the serious alleged transgressions of international humanitarian law. This year's theme for the Day of International Justice is "Achieving Justice Through Formal Employment". The COVID-19 pandemic environment has become easier for humans to traverse thanks to technological advancements over the past ten years. Because to what the U.N. refers to as "digital labour platforms," which offer "income-generating possibilities and advantages from flexible work arrangements," employees are able to work from home. However, there is also an increased possibility that criminal activity will turn to digital methods, which is especially true given the continued stringent surveillance of pandemic-appropriate behaviour on the streets. According to experts, the true threat can be far away, which makes it much more important to raise awareness of criminal justice on a digital platform. Where justice is denied, where poverty is enforced, where ignorance prevails, and where anyone is made to feel that society is an organized conspiracy to oppress and degrade them, neither person nor property will be safe.                                                                                                                                         The International Justice Day , also known as World Day for International Justice, it emphasises the need of combating impunity and providing justice to the victims of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide. The day assumes significance because it is important to raise public awareness about justice and promote the rights of victims. The day also calls for people from all around the world to focus on concerns that are important. The ICC does not replace national courts, but it is accessible when a country can not or will not conduct investigations or punish culprits.         

Collaboration Between Citizen Movements and Political Parties

                  Citizen movements are important features of a political trend that arises from a deep feeling of huge injustices happening for a long time, therefore expresses and represent what the citizens would like to see improved in their countries, such as political inclusion from somebody that has been excluded from past elections, justice such as compensation for wrongful arrest and daily bullying  on mainstream media, etc. And also we all need to know what each citizen movement wants to say beyond the political area. What they are screaming to the world. They can not be ignored by voters, political parties, governments or mainstream media. This post is a summary of the book with the title above published in 2018 at   https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/collaboration-between-citizen-movements-and-political-parties.pdf

                        Over the past decade, citizen movements have become more important to political parties. In response to reduced membership and public trust, many parties are aiming to re-establish ties with broader groups in society, such as citizen movements. Conversely, many new social and protest movements have themselves transformed into political movements. Many of these newcomers reject the term 'party' and continue to refer to themselves as 'movements'. Citizen movements can be defined as 'a network of informal interactions between a plurality of individuals, engaged in a political conflict, on the basis of a shared collective identity. Establishing, nurturing and expanding links between a political party and a movement is likely to enrich the party's policy agenda and support base. What constitutes a healthy relationship between a political party and the movement? At the very least, successful collaboration consists of three elements. The first element is electoral support. The second is policy coherence, a party that legislates in line with the policy called for by the movement. The third element is social mobilization. This section describes three approaches to ensure successful cooperation between political parties and citizen movements. The organizational set-up of a new or established political party influences its relationship with the movement through: 1) an inclusive structure. 2) a representative leadership that citizens identify with. 3) the role of members and adherents in the party. Political parties and movements can facilitate collaboration with citizen movements by actively involving movement supporters in decision-making. Political movements, such as France's La Republique En Marche, have chosen to decentralize its campaigning. Podemos in Spain has an online portal that allows any supporter of the movement to debate and make policy proposals. Proposals which gather sufficient support pass to an online voting stage, the results of which are made public and are used to inform the electoral programme or organization of the party itself. More localized political movements, holding inclusive events and committee is one way to involve citizens directly. Many movements are non-hierarchical and leaderless. Political competition nevertheless requires a level of accountability achieved through accountable leaders. Successful movement-party collaboration rests on representative leadership. Leaders who in speech, image and behaviour reflect the movement's original cause can play a central role in uniting movement and party. Leaders may represent such diverse causes as the anti-establishment, or anti-corruption. Frank language or unconventional styles suggest a break with the past. Importantly, however, representatives leaders do not have to be copies of their supporters. As long as they are credible symbols for the ideals that the movement espouses, leaders can hold educational, professional or identity backgrounds different those of their supporters. Movements often resist not only the powers that be, but also the political elites in general. Electoral lists that mix long-time insiders with candidates from outside the political arena therefore lend credibility to claims of renovating politics. Most citizen movements are characterized by their open access and low engagement threshold. Not only do they usually accept participants from all walks of life, but more importantly they also choose not to pose conditions to taking part. There are not a winning ideology for movements that turn into parties, or parties that wish to establish greater social movement links. Movements often arise from single issues that are defined only loosely, or sometimes from a feeling of injustice or/and a shared value. A host of innovative methods and tools have been developed over recent years that facilitate close engagement between large groups of leaderless movements and their political offspring. This include a range of digital tools that bring political leaders and citizens into closer and easier contact but also non-digital innovations. Social media platforms are also used. The Beirut Madinati movement, for example, use Facebook and Twitter not only in its election campaign, but also to conduct polls online and gather feedback on policy issues. Many citizen movements emphasize the interaction between the online and the offline. As the mobilizing power of social media for protests has shown, political agency is increasingly dependent on the ability of the digital and non-digital to operate in tandem. Social movements often rely on digital communication to the mobilization of activists. ICT literacy and internet penetration may impact the movement. Digital communication is increasingly important to reach large groups of citizens. With many political parties having lost the trust of citizens, the relationship between these parties and citizen movements has begun to evolve. The rise of digital means of engagements brings in the potential for much more dynamic interaction with larger groups of people, which would have been far more complicated to accomplish in the pre-digital era.

Defending Latin America Human Rights and Democracy Activists

                   All over the world people understand the importance of to empower human rights defenders. Including actually now there is a worldwide movement to empower a Brazilian human rights and democracy defender who is trying to become a politician since 2012 and has had his political rights violated systematically. I hope this year he can finally has his political rights respected. This is the wish of millions of people worldwide. We can not let threats about the creation of lies to stop us fighting for justice and for our rights. This post is a summary of the book with the title above published in 2021 at  https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/202201/Special_Report_LAC_HRDs_PDF_ENGLISH_Final_01262022.pdf

                   According to human rights organizations, in 2020, Latin America was the most dangerous continent in the world for human rights defenders, accounting for more than three-quarters of all murders of Human Rights Defenders (HRDs) worldwide. Worsening human rights conditions have also spurred unprecedented levels of migration of HRDs, across the region. Growing refugee populations in Latin America have been especially vulnerable in the context of COVID-19. In recent years, HRDs and challenges they face in Latin America have garnered increasing attention. Gaps in knowledge, understanding and support remain, yet this assessment found that HRDs themselves are driving efforts to close those gaps and expand knowledge. HRDs' burgeoning agency in shaping their own protection has prompted a shift from perceiving HRDs under threat as victims, to viewing them as agents of change. As HRDs work in Latin America is increasingly being criminalized and restricted, this assessment sought to offer systematic analysis of security and protection dynamics in Latin America that might inform efforts to improve HRDs protection. In so doing, the assessment revealed some initial findings about the current landscape of security for and protection of HRDs: 1- The pressure that accompanies HRDs work can push them beyond limits of physical and psychosocial safety.  2- Job stability should be included as a key component of security. 3- CSOs interviewed for the assessment highlighted the pattern of defining security as only the absence of threats and risks. Human Rights Defenders (HRDs) and Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) promoting rights and democracy continue to face enormous challenges across Latin America today. Activists have experienced legislation criminalizing their work, increasing intimidation, human rights violations, and forced displacement. The region is home to 20% of the 82.4 million people forcibly displaced globally, including the second-largest external displacement crisis in the world after the Syrian, 5.6 million Venezuelan migrants fleeing economic crisis and repression. While often the best solution to mitigate risk to an HRDs, temporary relocation poses significant challenges. Prior to fleeing their homes within or outside the country, amidst an environment of threats, HRDs often have to hastily put personal and professional aspects of their lives in order, include leaving behind their careers, gainful employment, their homes and family members. The focus on HDRs in Latin America is still an evolving area of inquiry. Their work exposes them and their families to threats, trauma, and stress. The assessment confirmed that there are more at risk HRDs in Latin America that require additional support than physical security or temporary relocation. Relocation programs need to take care those individuals who are suffering from immense emotional stress. In addition, the relocation itself can trigger other adverse effects on emotional wellbeing, due to feelings of isolation, displacement and the stress related to adapting to a new environment. The assessment found that all HRDs at risk experience some level of trauma. As a result of the constant attacks and threats perpetrated against them, without finding any recourse from the state, HRDs often experience severe psychological symptoms of anxiety and depression. These symptoms have also manifested in psysiological conditions, including high blood pressure and diabetes. In relocation, HRDs often continue to experience these same symptoms, sometimes further exarcebated by their having fled the human rights movement, their work, their families and their homeland. HRDs and researches highlighted that s significant gap exists with the provision of security as part of relocation programs. Findings from the assessment confirmed that digital security training is a key area that needs to be further developed. This includes discussion about ensuring protection of HRDs, such as: how to encrypt an email; how to create a password-protected server; malware detection; how to lock a phone; and how to present and protect yourself on social media. For some HRDs, digital security is a priority once they relocate. Digital security is especially critical for the most visible activists who conduct their work publicly and make formal public complaints against the government. HRDs who continued their work in exile are concerned with digital security and have implemented safeguards to safely communicate with their home countries. HRDs expressed concern that their social networks can be attacked or infiltrated while in relocation. As this assessment confirmed, Latin America has become increasingly more violent and dangerous for HRDs, with authoritarianism on the rise, democratic principles deteriorating and governments seeking to exert more control over their populations. As a result, circumstances call for new strategies of protection and support for HRDs. Criminalization is not only a corrupt use of a state's criminal laws meant to obstruct the work of HRDs, as in the cases of Venezuela and Nicaragua highlighted in this assessment, it is also used as means of defamation, hate speech and stigmatization of HRDs. Protection organization need to fully understand and support those HRDs. Most states in Latin America support and have ratified human rights standards and treaties, but implementation and enforcement are weak. At the same time, there is a serious climate of impunity where grave human rights violations are on the rise, including against HRDs. What is needed are policies that support an environment for HDRs to operate freely and without reprisals. CSOs and HRDs believe in the role that foreign governments and international organizations can play in pressuring governments when grave situations arise with attacks of HRDs. Brazil was identified as a country largely underrepresented in temporary relocation and in protection assistance to HRDs. The current local context indicates that repression of HRDs is occurring. Collaboration with local CSOs should be further explored. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, a continuous consultation and research process should be established with HRDs about what areas of research are most currently needed. As the assessment results showed, they are, indeed, the ones who knows the best. The focus on HRDs in Latin America is still an evolving area of inquiry. There is a need for a more systematic effort to understand their needs and challenges, and to design effective support strategies.

The Future of Education in Brazil

                The new high school implemented this year in M.G. was not exactly like it was approved in 2017. In that time, at least during the first stage, when all schools would have the sixth class, simply the student would choose among the subjects he or she already has. They would have more classes according to his or her area of interest after high school.  Instead of this, it were created more five or six new subjects that probably will not help them much in the university, and classes of traditional currucula were decreased. Including Portuguese, Math and English which in 2017 were announced as untouchable. All teachers believe that adjustment will be necessary. The new high school was created to prepare students better to university and for those who don't want to go to university, offer them vocational education and training, called in Brazil technical courses. This post is a summary of two articles. The first with the title above was published in 2021 https://www.cambridge.org/elt/blog/2021/05/18/brazil-week-future-education-brazil/. The second at published at https://www.oecd.org/education/policy-outlook/country-profile-Brazil-2021-EN.pdf

                COVID-19 has brought to Brazil a multifaceted crisis. A crisis that is sanitary, economic, institutional and even educational. Around 190 countries have closed all or part of their schools. This has resulted in learning losses, especially for students from more vulnerable families. What was hidden has been revealed through COVID-19 crisis. It call us to face the educational challenges of our country, with the perception that only quality education builds an inclusive development process.  There is a promise that the quality in the education to be built will not be achieved through exclusion. The goals that underpin this objective make this even clearer. The idea, for example, of ensuring that everyone completes secondary school is, in itself, bold. However, it will also have to be "fair and have quality, what can be translated into relevant and effective learning results". That is, in addition to completing secondary studies, everyone must learn. Education holds a great role in building a society that respects life, promotes peace and allows a quality existence for new generations. Thus the Sustainable Development Goals establishes that, by 2030, we will ensure that "all learners acquire knowledge and skills needed to promote development", learning to develop sustainable lifestyle, promoting human rights, gender equality, a culture of peace, global citizenship, and appreaciation of cultural diversity. Yes, it is essential to develop basic competences in young people. However, we shouldn't forget that in the 20th century, people who received formal education were able to perpetrate atrocities in the name of national pride and an exclusive dystopia. It is increasingly clear that education will need to be transformed in an important way in the coming years. Based on the lessons learned during social isolation, teachers, even with their reduced experience in the use of digital tools, had to learn to use them in practice, in order to ensure some form of pedagogical interaction with their students. This learning could be the basis for hybrid teaching. In this way, teachers will act less as mere suppliers of expository classes and more as learning guarantors. Brazil took a long time to expand access to education. It still faces challenges in this regard, especially in high school. But our problems are not limited to access to education and school delay. The results of PISA 2018, an international assessment of the quality of education organised by OECD and applied to 15 years-olds, put Brazil in a difficult situation in terms of learning. Countries with much lower income than Brazil had better results. The low attractiveness of the teaching career in Brazil and the training teachers received are the most important causes of this challenging scenario. It is essential to raise salaries, make teachers more professional and prepared to improve their performance in class. We have to transform Brazilian education urgently. Some proposals in this sense, although still insufficient, are already being implemented, such as: Elaboration of a National Base for Teaching. Large-scale assessment. But there is still a long way to go to recover from the bruises in education that should have already healed. And even longer to go to prepare for the coming years. We will need to: 1) create a school culture that combines excellence with equity. 2) make the teaching profession attractive. 3) use tech to support teachers in personalising the teaching process. 3) expand the school day. 4) encourage hybrid education. The future depends on what we do now. Especially in the case of education, in which new generation are formed with the accumulated knowledge of those who came before.                                                                                                                                                                                       The capacity of a country to effectively develop skills and labour market perspectives can play an important role in the education decisions of the population. In 2018, 47% of adults in brazil had not completed upper secondary education, compared to OECD averages of 22%. Upper secondary education (ensino médio) is compulsory in Brazil and usually over three years. Despite growing student participation at this level, performance is often low and drop-out rates are high. Drop-out rates among students in the lowest income quintile are eight times higher than those in the highest. Current reforms in Brazil align with some common international responses. Vocational education and training (VET) can ease entry into the labour market, yet many VET programmes across the OECD make insufficient use of workplace training. In Brazil, VET (educação profissional e técnica) is low, only 11% of upper secondary students in 2018 were in vocational programmes, well below the OECD average of 42% and the target of 25% by 2024. Completion rates are also low, in 2018, only 58% of VET students  had graduated. Current reforms target the integrated model, which has lower drop-out rates.In 2017, Brazil approved a New Upper Secondary education (NEM - novo ensino médio) aiming to enhance quality and raise student engagement. International policy trends in this area have focused on developing more engaging and relevant pathways, advancing student guidance and updating curricula. Brazil's reform follows this direction with changes in three key areas: 1) Curricular flexibility - at the heart of the reform is the introduction of the BNCC. To modernise the course offer, the NEM promotes flexible learning pathways, reducing the mandatory component from 13 to 3 subjects ( Portuguese, mathematics and English). This and other areas of knowledge must cover 60% of instruction time. For the remaining 40%, students choose from 5 pathways - languages, math, natural sciences, social sciences and VET. 2) Full-time schooling - through NEM, Brazil aims to universalise full-time schooling at this level, moving from 800 hours per year, to at least 1000 hours in 2022 and eventually 1400 hours. 3) Future relevance - NEM encourages all schools to offer curricular units focused on developing students "life projects". This includes supporting students to develop transversal skills to support employment and offering careers guidance.  Implementation of NEM is the responsibility of state administrations, but federal leaderships is essential in guiding action and consistency. The federal government has committed to funding schools implementing the reform, based annually on student numbers. The World Bank provides further financial support, with a focus on equitable implementation. To oversee implementation, MEC established a monitoring committee, states are expected to do the same. MEC will measure flexibility based on schools offering at least two pathways only, this risks creating a false sense of choice. In a survey of state-level, reported implementation obstacle include states' technical capacity and resources, as well as continued ambiguity regarding the alignment of ENEM for which the reference matrix has not yet been updated and there is a perceived lack of dialogue. Brazil can turn the heterogeneity of implementation to its advantage, promoting collaboration between states and institutions, such approaches have worked well in international examples. The states of Paraíba, for example, has a high level of full-time schooling and a well-developed VET offer, has a lot of knowledge and experience to share with states for whom developing pathways will be a challenge.

Brazil Human Capital Review

                   There is a world consensus that the governments, politicians, education systems` employees, parents and students must make an effort to upgrade the quality of education. The fourth industrial revolution is about to begin and we all should be prepared for the technological challenge. The law for the implementation of high school reform in Brazil in 2017 was a good step toward the right direction. Now depend on education system of every state for its effective implementation. We all know that integral high school is difficult to implement in the short-term, but the law is very clear, until 2026 all highschool in Brazil will be full-time. With more investment in new schools will be perfectly possible to implement this new highschool in all schools in every state. So, in October there will be elections, we must not forget to demand the correct  implementation of the high school reform from our candidates for governors` office. We should not wait more, we are wasting precious time.    This post is a summary of the book with the incomplete title above published in June of 2022 at  https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099359007012217076/pdf/IDU0c9bcb58a08ac704dbe081eb077b28ef22453.pdf

                       Human capital formation is an urgent agenda. The reasons abound. Brazil was among the most severely affected by the pandemic. In face of these consequences, the question is how to rebuild a stronger country, accelerate inclusive growth, and ensure that lessons were learned from the crisis. This book argues that more and better investments in people is the best way to respond to this global emergency. A significant challenge for Brazil and for most Latin America countries is to improve conditions that will allow children and teenagers to flourish and develop their potential. The story of lost talent starts by using a new indicator to track progress towards human capital accumulation in Brazil at the municipal level: the Human Capital Index (HCI). Higher HCIs today means higher labor productivity in the future. There is no time to waste. Data shows that human capital progress has been slow, unbalanced, and unequal. This leaves the question: does the map of "many Brazils" represent an improvement or deterioration of human capital in recent years? The story of human capital accumulation in Brazil stops abruptly in 2020. The pandemic has had devastating impacts at every stage of skills formation. Schools remained closed for 78 weeks, which was one of the longest closures in the world. Consequently, the proportion of children who do not read and write jumped 15% between 2019 and 2021. There is a long road to recovery. Action, more than ever, can not be postponed. Learning recovery  should be a priority in the coming years. First, and foremost, all students must return to school. Evidence has shown that personalized tutoring and adaptive learning platforms are strong short-term strategies for a solid recovery. However, the legacy of the pandemic has an extra element: unmotivated students rarely learn well or stay in school for long. Human capital is the engine for change. It is the key that unlocks equitable and inclusive prosperity. The Brazil human capital is a story in which the enormous amount talent has been historically underdeveloped and unutilized. This story Brazil can not afford to ignore. The overall HCI in Brazil fell from 0.601 in 2019 to 0.540 in 2021. If adequate measure are not taken, it will take an estimated ten years to recover to 2019 HCI levels. Some policies seem to enhance school quality. One example is full-time school education. Existing literature describes the many factors associated with education quality and school attendance. Parental education seems to play an essential role in explaining children's educational attainment. In addition to student and family characteristics, the school system has also been shown to affect student outcome. A school environment with better infrastructure such as libraries and laboratories appear to improve enrollment rates. Other policies can also enhance school quality, such as full-time school. A key element to guaranteeing public education services is the constitutional obligation of municipal and state governments to spend 25% of net tax revenues on education, and the suplementation of these funds by federal transfers. These transfers are managed by the National Education Fund (FUNDEB). The current challenges faced at each stage of the life cycle are not easy to address and require coordination ability between jurisdictions, policy adjustments to program capacity and service provision. Despite adverse socioeconomic conditions, Sobral, a city in the state of Ceará, has consistently had outstanding performance in the IDEB. Public education in Sobral has one goal: every student must complete lower secondary education at the right age and with appropriate learning. The municipality found success by prioritizing learning, establishing clear goals within the school community, and monitoring progress. Furthermore, the municipality established a focused curruculum with a clear learning sequence. For instance, Sobral established a set of learning strategies to ensure all students were able to read by the end of grade 2, and provide the existing illiterate students in grade 3 with access to additional support to become literate. The municipality also prepared and motivated teachers. The municipality offers structured lesson plans to help teachers acquire a classroom routine. The concept of many Brazils pointed to where policy intervention is needed. Brazil's great challenge in the coming years is to improve and recover its human capital without increasingregional inequalities. Brazil has a wealth of administrative data with disaggregated information that enables the construction of a detailed portrait of human capital in the country. There are, however, some data limitations worth summarizing so that further progress can be made. The report highlightedlifecycle challenges that potentially affect current HCI performance across age groups. The road ahead will involve policy innovation based on successful models that can help Brazil recover and asccelerate huamn capital accumulation. The report has indicated pathways that could lead to better HCI. Right now. the most urgent items on the policy agenda are: recovering from current losses with inclusive education policies and providing a resilient healthcare system with services designed to reach the most in need. Successful federal and subnational experiences during the pandemic have provided valuable lessons moving forward. Government should take advantage of  these lessons and work towards equitable progress by making sure that policies reach those who are systematically in disadvantaged positions.