Dia 6 de Outubro é a hora de decidirmos pelo futuro que queremos, faça uma reflexão pela democracia e contra a distopia, pela educação e contra a ignorância, pela verdade e contra a mentira, pelo respeito e contra o bullying, pela justiça e pela transparência do governo e depois desta reflexão com certeza você vai querer votar em um candidato que representa toda essa dicotomia, você então com certeza vai VOTAR 77650. Temos que dizer que cidade queremos para os próximos anos e no futuro. Seja um eleitor que efetivamente participa nas eleições, se está decepcionado com a política, vote num candidato que tem dezoito anos de ativismo online, vote num candidato que com certeza levará transparência para o legislativo e para o governo. Vote em quem quer provar que uma política melhor é possível, mais participativa, eficiente, responsável, inclusiva e produtiva. Você pode perceber lendo meu blog que existe deste Setembro de 2010 http://thepeopleteacher.blogspot.com.br/ que nestes dezoito anos de ativismo, escrevi muito sobre educação, mas é por causa da importância do tema. Todos já sabemos o que precisa ser feito para a educação melhorar, como por exemplo: tempo integral, turmas menores, aulas de reforço, exames padronizados regulares, concurso para professores. Mas a disciplina em sala tem que ser mais exigida, de nada adianta, ter estás condições e também o professor bem preparado e renumerado, se ele não consegue trabalhar. Perde-se muito tempo com a indisciplina. A leitura de livros é muito importante, seja a leitura de livros didáticos ou não. Sou a favor de mais investimento nas bibliotecas. Se você quer mais cultura e conhecimento, vote em quem vem defendendo estes temas há muito anos, inclusive divulgando os benefícios da literatura para melhor compreensão do mundo, das circunstâncias e das pessoas. Também precisamos renovar as bibliotecas públicas para torná-las mais úteis para a população. Um exemplo de como isto pode ser feito: ter também juntos no mesmo espaço, computadores com conexão para internet, empréstimo de DVD, aulas para reforço escolar e curso de férias de leitura e redação. Portanto, Se você quer mais acesso da população à cultura, educação e conhecimento, vote 77650. É preciso combater o desperdício de dinheiro público, obras paradas e incompletas significam investimento que não beneficia e ao mesmo tempo pode até estar prejudicando.É preciso uma melhor fiscalização e transparência do dinheiro público. Para que a população veja a verdade, a transparência governamental e a liberdade de imprensa devem ser fortalecidas, dados oficiais devem ser divulgados. Se eleito uma das minhas prioridades será defender os direitos humanos, temos que evitar as distopias que as vezes podem acontecer sem a nossa percepção instantânea, e mesmo depois quando percebemos fica difícil evitar as injustiças, qualquer precedente de impunidade de violações deve ser combatido. Mesmo que não chegue ao ponto de existir uma distopia, mas temos que combater também uma democracia disfuncional, injusta e irreal. Defender os direitos humanos não e' demagogia e' uma lei internacional acima de qualquer outra. As leis supremas de um país são: a constituição e os direitos humanos, e ambas devem prevalecer sobre qualquer outra. Todos devem entender que os impostos, os políticos, os servidores públicos, enfim todo o setor público existe para fazer funcionar bem o estado, a maquina estatal. O poder que exercem é mantido com o dinheiro que o povo paga através dos impostos, em em seu benefício deve ser praticado. Sou totalmente a favor de maior participação popular na política, para isso seria bom que existem mais mecanismos que permitam essa participação, como por exemplo: orçamento participativo, reverendos e plebiscitos, assembleias populares, associações de bairros. O povo merece e deve ser ouvido. Mas lógico sem desrespeitar a constituição e os direitos humanos que são leis máximas que todos os países são obrigados a respeitar. Sou a favor de todos que querem ser candidatos possam exercer esse direito. Tem que haver mais espaço para incentivar a população a participar da eleição, disso depende uma vibrante e plena democracia.
Thursday, September 12, 2024
Sunday, September 8, 2024
Day of Fighting Injustice - 2024
Seventeen days ago, precisely on 23rd of August was celebrated in Brazil, the day of fighting injustice. We all must defend justice, because when there is some systematic injustice happening for so long, a dangerous precedent can happen, destroying democracy, undermining rule of law and human rights and possibly spreading more injustice. So, the public trust in our institutions is severely harmed. Besides, when there is not justice, the abuses tend to grow, spreading and affecting many more people. So if you have witnessed any violation of human rights, record it and help fight injustice. The systematic violations, the impunity, the daily bullying on mainstream media, the threats online and offline exist to do the victims give up to fight for their rights and reparations. Besides the violations, the systematic abuses, the daily humiliation and the impunity can have a dehumanizing effect in the population, trying us accept what can not be accepted, do not let this happen to you, the solidarity and the empathy are the essence of the human beings and our civilization. We all should recognize who have courage to defend our human rights including our political rights. Because always there are costs to do this, so help who is losing to defend our rights. And one way the citizens can help is voting in candidates that speak up for our human rights, including our political and social rights. One of this candidates is the writer of this blog and his number is 77650. This post is a summary of two articles. The first was published at https://www.pitt.edu/pittwire/pittmagazine/features-articles/martin-sam-rosenzweig-obituary. The second was published at https://groundviews.org/2024/02/20/world-social-forum-uniting-activists-to-fight-injustice-and-oppression/
Injustice did not sit right with Martin Rosenzweig, something that made him not only an impressive lawyer, but also a trustworthy and generous friend. He died at the age 71 on July 19,2023, in Henderson, Nevada. Rosenzweig was born in McKeeport, Pennsylvania. At Pitt, he earned an undergraduate degree in political science before graduating from the School of Law in 1977. Even as a young attorney, Rosenzweig put his value first. While working for a Philadelphia insurance provider, he disagree with the settlement offered to a family whose child died in an accident. When he was encouraged to advocate for the family to take less money than he felt deserved, he resigned from the position. Rosenzweig then returned to the Pittsburg, landing a position as an attorney for Laurel Legal Services, a nonprofit that offered free legal representation in civil matters to local low-income individuals. He spent decades there. He served as a mentor to interns and early-career attorneys and often traded case strategy ideas with colleagues during carpools into the office. Guided by the motto, "justice, justice, shalt you pursue," Rosenzweig believed everyone deserves access to quality legal representation. He had a special affinity for working with the elderly and developed expertise in elder law, working closely with the area on aging to provide free legal services to the elderly. The prospect of a full ground invasion in Rafah, Gaza, and the potential of the forcible transfer of more than 1.5 million people looms large like a dark and sinister cloud. Images of children scooping flour up with their hands and hurriedly shoving it in their pockets symbolizes the desesperation. Yet amid all of this despair, in the World Social Forum of 2024 in Kathmandu, Nepal last week reinforced the belief that there is so much solidarity still within the world and a deep connected sense of humanity. People from all corners of the world gathered at this event, with the intention of demonstrating people power, social movements, grassroots activists, human rights defenders and individuals working on various issues stepping forward to share their struggles, working to prove that another world is possible. Activists from Sri Lanka, Latin America, Palestine, Myanmar, and many other places where the population is supressed by authoritarian regimes gathered to reflect on the global trend towards the rise of populist governments who are coming into power across all continents, undermining the principles and values of democracy. 35,000 people gathered to reaffirm their commitment to work with communities, people's organisations, movements, groups and networks and other allies to overcome the structural causes and consequences of poverty and injustice while promising to connect the work being done with broader efforts for justice and commit to engage in movements at national and global levels to make the greatest contribution towards a just and sustainable world. Believing that change is possible and rooted in the individual and collective empowerment of those most affected to claim and defend the rights over the long term, we committed to ensure deepened democracy, meaningful participation and campaigning for just and credible alternatives and strengthening work that collaborates with movements sustained by global solidarity and committed supporters. As a global movement, we are fighting against systems of injustice that view people to be sacrificed by systems of exploitation and domination. Our collective struggle is for economic and political justice and for a world where everyone has the right to live with dignity, free from oppression.
Thursday, September 5, 2024
DEFENDER, AMPLIAR E MELHORAR A DEMOCRACIA - VOTE 77650
Nestes 18 anos de ativismo, entre as muitas causas que defendo, tenho feito um ativismo para melhorar a política. E isso somente pode ser feito com mais transparência nos atos do legislativo e do poder executivo. Mas há muito a ser feito, principalmente no que se refere a igualdade nas eleições, o povo não quer assédio eleitoral. Minha preocupação em melhorar a política com mais democracia e mais transparência vem sendo demonstrada deste o início do ativismo online em 2006. Logo no começo, quando escrevia os textos no meu email, no Infocentro da UFJF, que infelizmente não tenho mais. Foram vários resumos sobre política. A internet pode ajudar muito a melhorar a política e venho tentando demonstrar isto, como por exemplo, em Outubro de 2011, publiquei no meu blog, uma entrevista com o fundador do Wikileaks, Julian Assange em que ele fala sobre sua esperança de ver uma política melhor com o uso da internet http://thepeopleteacher.blogspot.com.br/2011/10/jump-to-democracy.html. Este outro de Fevereiro de 2012, diz como o governo Americano está tentado usar a internet para desenvolver políticas públicas que atendem a vontade popular. E de como a internet está ajudando na popularização de dados oficiais. http://thepeopleteacher.blogspot.com.br/2012/02/democracy-20-awaits-upgrade.html. Este de Agosto de 2012, conta-nos como a internet pode ajudar na transparência governamental e no engajamento popular na política, deste que respeitado o direito à privacidade dos cidadãos, para não haver nenhuma tentativa de retaliação aos possíveis dissidentes. http://thepeopleteacher.blogspot.com.br/2012/08/e-democracy.html. E se houver qualquer violação de privacidade, a justiça deve acontecer com a devida reparação. Estes dois dizem sobre a importância do ensino de democracia, sobre os valores democráticos que devem ser difundidos, como por exemplo: respeito aos direitos humanos, consciência cívica e coletiva, desenvolvimento ético. http://thepeopleteacher.blogspot.com.br/2014/01/lxxiv-importance-of-teaching-democracy_24.html. A segunda parte diz sobre como é longo e árduo o trabalho para melhorar a democracia, mas todos devem contribuir para uma melhor democracia, pois são nossas vidas em questão, o presente que temos e o futuro que queremos ter. . http://thepeopleteacher.blogspot.com.br/2014/01/this-post-is-summary-of-three-article.html. Enfim estes são só alguns posts que fiz sobre como uma funcional, justa e plena democracia é possível. Precisamos da colaboração de todos se quisermos uma política melhor, eu tenho feito o que posso, mais que isso somente se me tornar um político. Penso que estes dezoito anos de ativismo foram de uma enorme colaboração para uma melhor democracia. Tanto é assim que o mundo reconhece o trabalho que tenho feito. Mas quero fazer mais e para isso preciso muito da ajuda de todos, espero contar com sua ajuda, com seu voto. Há outras maneiras de melhorar a democracia, além dos que mencionei neste post: usando a internet e educando para os verdadeiros valores democráticos e humanistas.
Sunday, September 1, 2024
5 Ways to Turn a Social Media Campaign Into a Movement
Once again I'd like to thank everyone take parting in this huge worldwide movement. For more than two decades I've heard people laughing at me, people indirectly saying that the people doesn't care about injustice unless it's happening to them. I've been bullied every day, but now all the world is demanding justice. I'll be eternally grateful to those behind this wonderful movement. We need more people fighting for a better world and the world recognize someone who is doing this for around four decades. All the world and me hope that people here can understand how important is to empower someone who has been so wronged, so humiliated, so bullied, but doesn't give never up because knows that everyone else knows that has been always helping other and doing good deeds. Actually the world is doing history and show us who deserve and need to become a politician. Thanks very much good people of the world. You exist and are many. ✊✊✊✊✊. Altough in this blog I write for the world, because I know that millions around the world read it every Sunday. This month I can't let to address the people here in the city where I live, please don't forget to vote in 6th of October together with the good people of the world. Vote Luciano Fietto, number 77650. This post is a summary of the article with the title above published at https://www.theguardian.com/voluntary-sector-network/2014/jun/25/five-ways-to-turn-social-media-campaign-into-movement
The use of social media as a powerful tool for social movement is unquestionable. From Human Rights Campaign's red equal sign to the It Gets Better Project campaign, social media has proven highly effective at drawing attention to a cause. Any individual or organisation can launch a campaign on social media, but simply starting a movement is not enough. The goal is to champion a cause in such a way that it resonates with others. When it comes to creating a social media campaign that engages with people on a human level, the following 5 elements are key. 1) Pick a cause you believe in - The obvious first step is to pick a specific cause, such as raising awareness of a political concern, fundraising for a charity or highlighting an environmental issue. The important thing is that it's something you genuinely believe in. Authenticity is a key aspect of a successful social media movement. 2) Define the goal of the campaign - The aim of the social media campaign must be clearly defined, This objective will influence everything from the language used, the platforms that are leveraged to how people engage with the campaign. Determining the ultimate goal will also help to create a compelling call to action. By giving people something they can respond to and rally behind, you greatly increase the chances of the campaign going viral. 3) Show what the cause means to you - The virality of a movement on social media is determined by whether people can empathise on a human level. You need to show why people should care about a particular cause and what impact it could have on them or someone around them. By providing your personal reasons for supporting this cause, you can lend credibility and increase the likelihood that it will strike a chord with people in your network. 4) Let other share their story - The most effective campaigns have a human touch that people can connect with and that prompts them to share their experiences. A campaign must provide a platform for contributors to express what a particular cause means to them. It should also give people the flexibility to share in a manner that suits them best, the It Gets Better Project enables contributors to share both video and written submissions of their stories. 5) Select the right social media tools - The tools you use will depend on your objective. If it's to raise awareness, effective messaging and social presence may be all that is needed. Idle No More movement was initially viewed as a local campaign before it used Facebook and Twitter to gain international recognition. A petition platform, such as Change.org - can be combined with social networks to urge policymakers to address a political or societal issue. When starting an effective social media movement, it is worth remembering that the greater the authenticity and flexibility, the greater the chance of virality and ultimately, success.
Wednesday, August 28, 2024
VOTE QUEM DEFENDE CAUSAS NOBRES AO SER HUMANO. VOTE 77650
Bom dia, boa tarde, boa noite. Depende da hora que vc estará lendo esse texto. Esse é o 1º texto da campanha para a eleição de 2024. Será um texto por semana, até a última semana de campanha, antes do dia 6 de Outubro. Além desses textos da campanha, continuarei com os resumos nos fins de semana como acontece deste 2010. Como todos podem ler no perfil deste blog, tenho feito um ciberativismo à favor de uma educação de qualidade, em defesa dos direitos humanos, uma política e um governo mais transparentes, isso é importante para maior produtividade do dinheiro público, e do desenvolvimento sustentável. Tenho escrito também sobre a importância do ciberativismo. Mas o que é ciberativismo? É uma forma de ativismo pela internet, também chamada de ativismo online ou digital, usada para defender e divulgar causas, fazer reivindicações e organizar mobilizações. Pode ser praticado por qualquer pessoa que tem acesso à internet e de várias formas. Há dezoito anos faço ciberativismo, um ativismo educativo que ajuda todos a entender melhor questões importantes para o mundo e o Brasil, não somente para nossas cidades, nossas comunidades. Atualmente, com a ajuda da internet, há milhões de ativistas no mundo defendendo suas causas e muito contribuem para a melhoria de questões fundamentais para uma vida digna e melhor. Pessoalmente não conheço ninguém fazendo um ativismo tão intenso ( todo fim de semana coloco um resumo no blog e diariamente coloco posts no face) e extenso (por dezoito anos) como o que eu faço. Deste 2020 tenho também um canal no YouTube https://youtube.com/@lucianofietto4773?si=GKVWGKexNYi4-GQ- Também faço um ativismo em prol da justiça e da importância da cultura, da dignidade e da verdade, porque qualquer ativismo online ou não, pode contribuir para a melhoria das cidades, dos estados e dos países. É indiscutível os benefícios que a internet trouxe a democracia, ao acesso ao conhecimento, ao acesso a educação, e para que esse benefício seja ampliado temos que usar os recursos digitais que estão a nossa disposição atualmente. Você pode conferir alguns destes posts nestes links: http://thepeopleteacher.blogspot.com.br/2013/02/xl-activism-is-act-of-faith.html. Este outro é sobre como a internet pode ajudar a proteger os direitos humanos, a democracia e a justiça no mundo. http://thepeopleteacher.blogspot.com.br/2013/04/human-rights-activists-taught-online.html. Este é sobre como a internet pode ajudar a aproximar o povo da política e da tomada de decisões sobre políticas públicas. http://thepeopleteacher.blogspot.com.br/2013/10/online-activism-enables-you-to-take.html. Este agora é sobre como a internet contribuiu para o imenso e espontâneo protesto de Junho de 2013 nas cidades Brasileiras, inclusive o título do resumo já diz muito, "Protestos no Brasil marcam a evolução da democracia da era digital." http://thepeopleteacher.blogspot.com.br/2013/11/brazil-protests-mark-evolution-of.html
Sunday, August 25, 2024
The Mechanisms of Psychosocial Injury Following Human Rights Violations
Since the creation of this blog in 2010, its counter of visualizations doesn't work and the same is happening with my YouTube channel since its creation in 2020. For no reason, I'm being harmed in so many ways and for more than two decades. Why can I not have a YouTube channel and blog with their counter of visualizations working like everyone else? However, now all the world is demanding justice and equality. The Brazilian institutions including from the federal, state and city government must do more to increase political inclusion, fairness, responsiveness to public demands. Once again I'd like to thank everyone doing this worldwide movement stronger than ever, using their time and internet to raise awareness to injustices happening around the world. I'll be forever grateful to those helping with their solidarity. If you want to know my channel, watch my videos, https://youtube.com/@lucianofietto4773?si=kzZQtwV_02bTPVYA. Despite rumours that I wouldn't be a candidate, I'm now a candidate for city councilor and my number is 77650. This post is a summary of the article with the incomplete title above published at https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/articles/article-pdf/id1509579.pdf
When human rights are systematically violated, the legacy can be enduringly toxic for individuals, cultures, and societies. In the context of political violence, events such as being threatened, witnessing the deaths of others, being tortured, and bullied, witnessing atrocities are enacted with the purpose of instilling terror, or demonstrating the power of the perpetrating group. For victims, these experiences are often also accompanied by forced disconnection from familial, social and cultural communities and resources. Not surprisingly, research has demonstrated that exposure to human rights violations, coupled with enduring deprivation and adversity, affects mental health outcomes, most notably creating risk for psychological disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. There is a long-standing recognition, however, that these diagnostic categories may be inadequate to describe the effects of these events across multiple domains. Survivors of human rights violations (HRVs) also often exhibit a range of other reactions, including profound and impairing changes to self-efficacy, and core existential beliefs, as well as pervasive feelings of anger, humiliation and betrayal. We draw on and integrate diverse lines of inquiry across multiple domains of human functioning (social, psychological,etc) to propose three key pathways by which violence, displacement, and refugee-related disruptions cause and maintain psychosocial injury, which we define as psychological distress and impairment in psychological and social functioning in survivors of human rights violations. To date, however, no research has examined the individual and combined association between these factors and post-human rights violations mental health. Our proposed framework draws on and extends previous research and models of care by integrating established theoretical principles of the psychological effects of trauma, empirical evidence from clinical and social psychology, clinical observation from work conducted with survivors of human rights violations and contextual factors related to human rights violations. In settings where HRVs typically occur, the individual may be victim to countless unpredictable instances of persecution; further, he may witness atrocities perpetrated against family, friends, or strangers while being powerless to intervene. This sense of helplessness may be compounded as the person is stripped of control of other areas of his life. Traumatic stress have also highlighted the importance of perceptions of control during and after a traumatic event. HRVs are often related to persecution on the basis of an aspect of ethnic, political, religious, cultural, or other identity. Violence, persecution, and the intentional infliction of trauma directly violate the status of the victim as a worthwhile human being, deserving of basic human rights. One critical question is whether it is necessary to develop models of prevention and treatment that specifically target factors that cause posttraumatic symptoms and functional impairment after exposure to HRVs. One of the most strongly validated treatment for PTSD is prolonged exposure therapy, which requires repeated imaginal reliving of the trauma memory. Recent research has attested to the efficacy of narrative exposure therapy in reducing symptoms of PTSD and improving functioning in a variety of groups. In this article, we integrated existing lines of theoretical and research inquiry to propose a comprehensive model of the mechanisms underlying the relationship between exposure to HRVs and psychological suffering. Further, such research should take into account the potentially compounding or healing impact of the posttrauma environment that commonly surrounds HRVs would have significant implications for the development of treatment interventions that directly target maintaining factors to reduce distress and functional impairment in individuals exposed to HRVs.
Sunday, August 18, 2024
The Middle-Income Trap
When I was studying economics in my early twenties, the issue I was more interested in go deeper was the cause of development. Nowadays, I keep this interest in my readings, so this is a book every policy makers should read . In Brazil for more than one decade there is not any real GDP growth per capita. Policy makers and economists should make public policies that help Brazil to overcome this stagnant economic situation. Despite rumors that I wouldn't be a candidate, now I'm officially a candidate to city councilor and my number is 77650. Since 2020 I've had also a channel on YouTube, if you want to know my channel here is the link https://youtube.com/@lucianofietto4773?si=ZgrD-GvowGUhw8v8 This post is a summary of the book with the title above published in 2024 at https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/8f49fae8-ba60-45ba-b4d9-82bc22a964d9/content
Developing economies change in structure as they increase in size, which means that changes in the pace of growth stem from factors that are new to them. Although these imperatives can vary across countries, economic expansion, on average, begins to decelerate and often reaches a plateau in income per capita growth, typically at about US$8,000. A systematic slowdown in growth then occurs. Development strategies relying largely on capital accumulation that served these countries well in their low-income phase, begin to yield diminishing returns. To see why, consider this: if capital endowments were the only economically relevant difference between middle-income countries today, the gross national income per capita would have been nearly three-quarters of that of the U.S. in 2019. In fact, it is about one-fifth that of the U.S. Its growth prospects now depend increasingly on its ability to boost the sophistication of its production. To achieve high-income status, a middle-income country needs to ramp up the sophistication of its economic structure. Using economic complexity of a country's export basket, a measure of sophistication, there is a rising relationship between sophistication and income for all economies that transitioned from a GDP per capita of less than US$13,000 to more than US$31,000. To achieve more sophisticated economies, middle-income countries need two successive transitions. In the first, investment is complemented with infusion, so that countries focus on imitating and diffusing modern tech. In the second, innovation is added to the investment and infusion mix, so that countries focus on building domestic capabilities to add value to global tech, ultimately becoming innovation themselves. In general, middle-income countries need to recalibrate the mix of the three drivers of economic growth: investment, infusion, and innovation. What makes the move from middle-income status to high-income so difficult? One reason is that as they move through middle-income status, countries can't leap all at once from investment-driven growth to innovation-driven growth. Infusion of tech comes first and then innovation. Economic success in lower-income countries stems largely from accelerating investment. As these economies move to middle-income status, continued progress requires complementing good investment with measures designed to bring innovation from abroad and diffuse them across the economy, so called infusion. To intentionally import tech, knowledge of market potential, and business practices from abroad, as well as expedite their diffusion at home, middle-income economies have to change tack. Policy makers must support firms that are able to incorporate global tech into production. For firms to make the most of new tech, they need technically skilled workers in large numbers and a sufficient supply of engineers, scientists, managers, and other highly skilled professionals. Countries that are open to ideas from abroad and have strong education and vocational training programs tend to perform better than those that have not. The experiences of three economies that have grown quickly- Chile, Korea and Poland, illustrate these ideas. Developing countries should seriously consider the close correlation between the quality of institutions and the probability of falling into the trap. Economists have conjectured that poor institutional quality discourages investment and innovation, distorts allocation, and lowers returns to entrepreneurship. And policy and institutional deficiencies can put the brakes on and even derail development. Middle-income growth requires a shift from investment in physical capital to infusion of tech and innovation. At this stage, countries need to improve their capabilities to produce a range of sophisticated products. Efficient allocation of the factors of production accounts for about 25% of productivity growth. Efficiency in allocating resources boost jobs and output growth as well as creates positive spillovers for other business along the value chain. When countries focus on innovation, there is a rise in the number of their patents and the importance of these patents in the global production of knowledge. Countries need a more skilled workforce as their production processes become more complex with infusion and innovation, also need to invest in their researchers, who contribute to the expansion of knowledge in various fields. How have the most successful middle-income countries engineered progress? Modern economic history provides one valuable lesson. Countries that have made tech advances and achieved high-income status did so through two successive transitions. The first set of changes is importing technologies and business models from more advanced economies and diffusing this knowledge at scale in their domestic economy. The second phase of structural change, commonly called innovation, occurs mainly in successful upper-middle-income countries. This transition involves a deliberate shift from imitating and adapting tech used in advanced economies to building own capabilities to change leading global tech and products. Successful infusion efforts have marked reversals of fortune in several parts of the world. 1) Korea - An important component of industrial policy in Korea was incentives for tech investment. In particular, Korea subsidized the adoption of foreign. Firms received tax credits for royalty payment or R&D expenditures. Data on innovation grants were made publicly available. 2) Malaysia - Became a successful country through infusion-centered and export-oriented growth that replaced import substitution policies in the mid-1980s. Tech embodied in FDI was important for developing and structuring the country's industrial base. As policy makers shift their emphasis toward innovation, they should first combine a lot of investment with a lot of infusion. In many middle-income countries, policies need to be revisited and upgraded to reward merit activities. But this will require a change in mindset. Policy makers should think in terms of adding value: economic, social, and environmental. That requires changes in policies to enhance value added across the economy through the efficient resource utilization of talent, capital and energy. Although money is important, entrepreneurial success is not all about money. Most entrepreneurs need to be connected with networks of entrepreneurs to fully assess whether they and their ideas are fit for entrepreneurship. Accelerator programs are a relativity recent addition to the variety of programs that direct knowledge, social and financial capital to promising people and ideas. They provide training and technical assistance, along with mentorship, and networking support. Y Combinator, launched in 2005, is widely regarded as the first accelerator program. A highly competitive process allows founders to join a three-month program of capability assessment and upgrading in which their ideas are pitched to investors. After the program's inception, 5,000 US-based start-ups accelerated between 2005 and 2015 raised nearly US$20 billion in venture capital.