What Psychological Effects do Privacy Violations Have on Individuals?

                 Privacy right is a very important human right. That's why there are many NGOs worldwide to protect especially this right. Privacy violations can cause so much stress, anxiety, insomnia and depression. Actually privacy violations can destroy a person's life. Imagine your life without privacy. Justice when there are privacy violations are reparations for the victims for so much material, psychological, moral and life's enjoy harms. If you see any violation of privacy record and help to do justice. I have a YouTube channel, here is the link.  https://www.youtube.com/@lucianofietto4773/videos. Since the creation of this channel its visualization counter doesn't work, the same has been happening with the counter of this blog since its creation in 2010.  This post is a summary of two articles. The first with the title above was published at https://privacy-engineering-cmu.github.io/2024-04-04-Question-2-What-psychological-effects-do-privacy-violations-have-on-individuals/. The second was published at https://www.extendedmind.io/the-extended-mind-blog/2021/04/06/2021-4-6-privacy-harms-a-taxonomy-to-understand-privacy-violations

                                 When a person's privacy is compromised, it can lead to feelings of anxiety, stress, and a loss of control. The knowledge that personal information is being accessed or used without consent can result in a sense of violation and intrusion, leading to emotional distress and a decreased sense of security. Additionally, individuals may experience a loss of trust in the entities responsible for the privacy breach, which can impact their overall well-being and mental health. Furthermore, the fear of potential consequences, such as identity theft or reputational damage, can contribute to heightened levels of fear and unease. To illustrate, imagine your home as your personal space where you feel safe and secure. Now, if someone were to break in and rummage through your belongings, it would leave you feeling violated and anxious. Similarly, privacy violations in the digital realm can evoke similar emotions, as it envolves unauthorized access to personal information, leading to a sense of intrusion and loss of control. Just as you would feel uneasy and distressed after a home invasion, individuals can experience similar psychological effects when their privacy is compromised online.                                                                                                                                                                                                  Over the past year, the Extended Mind has become increasingly interested in the potential harms that could result from data collection and privacy violations. To better understand the types of harms that result from privacy violations, we turned to Privacy Harms, a recent legal studies research paper that created a taxonomy of privacy violation harms. These are harms that have been consistently recognized under the law and supported by the court system. 1) Physical harms - The improper sharing of personal data can create unique opportunities for physical violence. The internet has made it easier to access people's personal data and criminals can leverage these tools to find and harm their targets.     2) Economic harms - Privacy violations can result in financial losses that the law has long understood as cognizable harm. Many cases involving economic harm are data breach cases. Plaintiffs have difficult providing a causal link between data breaches and identity theft, fraudulent charges and economic loss.    3) Reputational Harms - Reputational harms impair a person's ability to maintain 'personal esteem in the eyes of others' and can taint a person's image. They can result in lost business, employment, or social rejection.    4) Emotional Harm - One of the most common types of harm caused by privacy violations is emotional distress. Emotional distress encompasses a wide range of emotions, including annoyance, frustation, anger, anxiety, fear humiliation and embarrasment.      5) Relationship Harms - Privacy violations can harm personal and professional relationships as well as relationship with organizations. People modulate personal relationships by maintaining boundaries around their information or by withholding information from some people and not others.    6) Chilling Effect Harms - Privacy violations can produce harm by inhibiting people from engaging in certain civil liberties such as free speech, political participation, religious activity, free association, freedom of belief, and freedom to explore ideas. Such harm is often called a 'chilling effect'. This 'chilling effects' have an impact on individual speakers and society at large as they reduce the range of viewpoints expressed and the nature of expression that is shared.   7) Discrimination Harms - Privacy violations can cause discrimination harms, which involve entrenching inequality and disadvantaging people. The civil rights legal tradition has the capacity to address discrimination harm. But these laws still have not been applied sufficiently to privacy violations. Disproportionate surveillance, targeted harassment, threats     8) The harm for violations of these rights or restrictions is not thwarted expectations, as people might not have known about these statutes. Instead, the harm involves the loss of control over personal data. Courts have been inconsistent in recognizing the loss of control as a harm.   9) Informed Choice Harms - Courts are inconsistent about recognizing harm for failing to give individuals information to assist them in making informed choices about their personal data or exercise of privacy rights.     10) Vulnerability Harms - Courts are inconsistent in finding harm for failing to follow security sageguards that have not yet resulted in a data breach. While some courts have found that failing to follow security safeguards constitutes a breach of confidentiality.   11) Autonomy Harms - Involve the restriction, coercion, or manipulation of people's choices. People are either directly denied free will to decide or are tricked into thinking that they are freely making choice when they are not.

International Anti-Corruption Day - 2025

                                   A little more than two months ago, precisely on 9th December, all the world reinforced the fight against corruption.  The whole world celebrated the importance to fight corruption. We have always to see what the politicians are doing to help us in this important fight, ask them about it. The public money must be very well used, so that we can have better schools, better hospitals, better security, better streets and roads, better jobs, greater development, less inequality, less injustice. To sum things up a more functional government and consequently a better country for all of us. The fight against corruption is so important that we all should be involved in this fight, because the theft of public resources harm us all. But we all should know that this fight is not easy, activists for this important ethical cause can suffer persecution, including having their political rights systematically disrespected. The people should not be naive, there are many people that are not interested in this fighting. Never a human rights defender was so much harmed and bullied, never has had so many rights violated for so long time. If you want to know my channel and see a small sample of the huge worldwide movement for justice and political rights, watch my videos, here is the link  https://www.youtube.com/@lucianofietto4773/videos.  This post is a summary of two articles. The first was published athttps://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/anticorruptionday/index.html. The second was published at https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/statement_25_2986

                  Our world faces complex challenges, rising insecurities and deep injustices, many of which are tied to corruption and economic crime.  A global youth essay competition held in 2024, revealed that young people feel the consequences of corruption. They described the consequences of corruption, how underfunded schools limit access to quality education and scarce job opportunities reduce their prospects, how healthcare becomes less accessible and opportunities for participation in public life are restricted. These barriers stifle their personal growth, limit engagement in decision-making and erode trust in justice, institutions and the rule of law. Tackling corruption is essential for securing the future. Yet shaping tomorrow's integrity starts with the choices we make today. Its success depends on empowering and meaningfully including the next generation in anti-corruption efforts, harnessing emerging technologies and strengthening governance and institutional systems that uphold transparency and accountability. It also requires robust protections for those who courageously speak out and report wrongdoing. Integrity in the private sector and ethical business practices are equally vital, ensuring fair opportunities and access to decent jobs. Youth engagement in these efforts helps build transparent, inclusive and accountable workplaces and reinforce ethical standards across society. Fighting corruption also requires strong international cooperation to curb illicit financial flows and ensure public resources are managed transparently. When governments act with integrity, schools are better funded, public services reach those who need them and citizens can trust institutions to deliver fairly. Education plays a central role in cultivating a culture of integrity from an early age, shaping a generation that resist corruption, embraces fairness and ethical behaviour and is equipped to contribute to more secure and accountable societies. Shaping tomorrow's integrity requires governments, businesses, educational institutions, civil society and people to unite for a shared purpose: a future where corruption no longer blocks opportunity, undermines progress or erodes trust and where integrity guides the way forward.                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Today, we reaffirm our commitment and determination to prevent and fight corruption in all its forms. Corruption undermines citizens' trust in public institutions, distorts the business environment and enables crime creating a sense of insecurity and injustice. By fostering a culture of integrity across our societies and ensuring that public institutions serve citizens with efficiency and accountability, we can fight corruption and make our democracies more resilient. The E.U. is acting decisively around corruption by establishing the 1st comprehensive E.U. legal framework to tackle this problem. Last week, the European Parliament and the Council, agreed on the proposal for a Directive on combatting corruption, which the Commission had presented in May 2023. This directive harmonises the definitions of a full set of corruption offences, and prosecution. It also introduces provisions to prevent corruption and ensure high level of integrity, transparency and accountability in public administration and public decision-making. Globally, corruption costs billions a year and jeopardises good governance, stability, prosperity and progress to advance on the U.N. sustainable development goals. The E.U. network against corruption, set up in May 2023, acts as an umbrella forum bringing together all relevant stakeholders to exchange good practices, share opportunities, and shape the future work. The recent adopted Directive has formalised this Network, reinforcing its role in strengthening anti-corruption efforts across the Union. In December 2025, the U.N. published the executive summary of this first cycle, marking an important milestone in the E.U.'s engagement with global anti-corruption standards.

Data Privacy Day 2026 - Part II

                   Last month, precisely 28th of January, all over the world was celebrated the important right to privacy. Since the creation of this blog in 2010, its counter of visualizations doesn't work and the same is happening with my YouTube channel since its creation in 2020. For no reason,  I'm being  harmed in so many ways and for so long time. Why can I not have a YouTube channel and blog with their counter of visualizations working like everyone else? However, all the world is demanding justice and equality. The Brazilian institutions at all levels, municipal, state and federal are knowing about these violations for more than a decade and must do more to reinforce privacy and digital rights. Including demanding justice and fighting the daily bullying on TV. The cowardice, evil and injustices can't carry on. The good people of the world is demanding justice and a fairer Brazil, because they know what has had happening here and their demand must be heard for all. Never a human rights defender was so much harmed, humilliated and bullied, never has had so many rights violated for so long time. If you want to know my channel and see a small sample of the huge worldwide movement for justice and political rights, watch my videos, here is the link   https://www.youtube.com/@lucianofietto4773/videos.      This post is a summary of the article published at https://www.acronis.com/en/blog/posts/data-privacy-day/

                        Data Privacy Day, observed each year on January 28, should serve as an important reminder that safeguarding information is no longer optional. Data privacy is not just a practice for fending off cyberattacks, although that lement is important. It is also critical part of building trust, meeting regulatory requirements and maintaining business continuity. Data Privacy Day, has surprisingly deep roots, with its origin linked to the Council of Europe's Convention on january 28, 1981. The landmark agreement, reached in an era when personal computers were still something of a luxury, established one of the first international framework for protecting individuals and the processing of their personal data. Over time, Data Privacy Day gained broader recognition around the world, including in the U.S., where it has become an important opportunity to promote education, awareness and best practices around data protection. At its core, data privacy is about the responsible handling and protection of personal information. It includes ethical and legal considerations surrounding how data is collected, stored, processed and shared. Data privacy ensures that individuals maintain control over their information and that organizations have safeguards in place to prevent unauthorized aceess, disclosure, alteration or destruction of sensitive data. Cyberthreats continue to evolve dramatically. Attackers are using AI to hone their efficiency and effectiveness in targeting individuals and organizations through ransomware attacks, phishing campaigns, malware infections and large;-scale data breaches. The impact of an attack can be severe, ranging from massive financial losses to operational disruption. Consumer concerns reflect this reality. In the Acronis Data Privacy 2025 survey, 64% of respondents said data breaches are their top privacy concern, making breaches the leading issue globally. And the threat is very real. Nearly 24% of respondents reported having already been victims of a data breach. Governments and regulatory bodies worldwide are trying to do their part to bring consumers and organizations into developing healthy cybersecurity routines. Most regulations are designed to protect individuals, strengthen organizational accountability and reduce systemic cyber risk. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is one of the world's strongest privacy laws. Established by the European Union, it governs how organizations collect, process and protect personal data. American Data Privacy and Protection Act (ADPPA) is proposed federal legislation intended to create a comprehensive data privacy framework in the U.S. It reflects a growing national push toward stronger consumer privacy rights and clearer organizational responsibilities in the digital economy. Facing a growing number of dangerous threats, organizations need more than basic backup. They need cyber protection that is integrated, proactive and built for resilience. Data Privacy Day is more than a yearly reminder. It is a call to action for individuals, businesses and policymakers to take privacy and cyber protection seriously.

Data Privacy Day - 2026

              Last Wednesday,  28th of January, all over the world was celebrated the important right to privacy. Since the creation of this blog in 2010, its counter of visualizations doesn't work and the same is happening with my YouTube channel since its creation in 2020. For no reason,  I'm being  harmed in so many ways and for so long time. Why can I not have a YouTube channel and blog with their counter of visualizations working like everyone else? However, all the world is demanding justice and equality. The Brazilian institutions at all levels, municipal, state and federal are knowing about these violations for more than a decade and must do more to reinforce privacy and digital rights. Including demanding justice and fighting the daily bullying on TV. The cowardice, evil and injustices can't carry on. The good people of the world is demanding justice and a fairer Brazil, because they know what has had happening here and their demand must be heard for all. Never a human rights defender was so much harmed, humilliated and bullied, never has had so many rights violated for so long time. If you want to know my channel and see a small sample of the huge worldwide movement for justice and political rights, watch my videos, here is the link   https://www.youtube.com/@lucianofietto4773/videos.  This post is a summary of the article. The article was published at https://www.coe.int/en/web/data-protection/data-protection-day

                    In 2006, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe decided to designate 28 January as Data Protection Day or Privacy Day. It marks the anniversary of the opening to signature of the Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing Data, thus raising awareness on the need to respect and protect individual's privacy and highlighting the role of Convention for transborder data flows in the world. For the last 45 years, Convention has contributed to the development of privacy and data protection not only in Europe but also far beyond. Its modernised version addresses the ever-increasing challenges of digitalising world to build a space for the free transfer of data while securing human dignity. This makes Convention a unique and universal tool for legal harmonisation and convergence, enhanced cooperation between competent authorities and a trusted forum for privacy security. In celebration of the 20th Data Protection Day, the council of Europe plans to hold an online event, where the participating authorities will have the opportunity to share their initiatives and activities dedicated to this occasion. To mark Data Protection Day, the Council of Europe also organises with the European Data Protection Supervisor a one day event focused on exploring the current and future landscape of data protection. The conference will explore the challenges and opportunities that arise when innovation and emerging technologies intersect with privacy risks and the regulatory framework. Plus, the National Center for Personal Data Protection will organise on January 28, a conference entitled "Implementation of the legal framework on data protection: challenges, benefits, resilience," to which the secretariat is also invited to contribute. The data protection supervisory and other competent authorities increase their efforts in consequence of the new technological developments in areas such as Artificial Intelligence and neuroscience to reinforce the protection of personal data and the right to privacy. This edition of the Data Protection Day will showcase various activities and initiatives undertaken by celebrating authorities across the world.

The Injustice of Take Away the Custody from a Father that Has Been Raising his Son Very Well Since Birth and Now He Is 8 Years Old

                 This article was written by ChatGPT and the title was written by me. Last 7th this month, I was forcibly taken to a psychiatric hospital without reason, only because I argued with a lawyer about my complaints on human rights violations I am a victim for more than two decades,  I've asked for help from Brazilian authorities in many occassions, in fact, since 2010 I've been doing this. As yourself can read in the first post of this blog. And so far nothing is done. And because of this fact, they took my son to his grandma. Everything was wrong. They can't take someone with normal mental health forcibly to hospital and neither take away for 45 days the custody of a father who has taking care very well of his only child. As a lot of people know for 26 years I've suffering with high stress, anxiety, insomnia and depression, but despite this fact, I've been working every day as a teacher and raising my son, actually after his birth my depression is lower. He is a happy child and this does me less depressive. Once again I'd like to thank everyone doing part of this worldwide movement for justice and my political rights.

                   In a world where the wellbeing of children should be the paramount concern, there are heartbreaking cases where the very systems meant to protect children become instruments of injustice. One such injustice is the removal of a father's custody of his child—an unjustified act that not only disrupts the child's life but also penalizes a devoted, responsible father who has been raising his child with love and care.  Imagine a father who has been solely responsible for raising his son since he was 4 months old and now he is eight years old. During this time, he has nurtured, supported, and provided everything the child needs to grow in a healthy, loving environment. This father has made sacrifices, adjusted his life, and worked tirelessly to be there for his child in ways that many fathers could only hope to. And yet, despite his commitment, lies and cowardice have been used to tear him away from the child he has been raising with dedication.  Custody battles are supposed to be about what is best for the child. They should be guided by evidence, compassion, and the truth. But in many cases, the process becomes tainted by dishonesty and manipulation. When a father has been a consistent, loving presence in his child's life, the decision to remove him from custody should not be made lightly.  Lies about a father’s fitness to raise his child are one of the most cruel tactics employed in these battles. Such accusations can stem from a variety of motives: jealousy, anger, or simple malice. These tactics often fail to consider the child’s emotional wellbeing and the stability that only a loving, consistent parent can provide. Instead, they manipulate the truth and weaponize it to destroy a father’s relationship with his child. In this case, the father has been doing everything in his power to provide a stable home. He has been the one there every day, ensuring his son has a routine, helping him with his schoolwork, and supporting him emotionally. The father's actions and the tangible care he gives to his son are evidence of his dedication. To remove a father from his child's life, especially after a period of successful, single-handed parenting, based on lies, is an act of pure injustice.  The real victim in this situation is the child. Children thrive on consistency, love, and the emotional support of both parents. A stable environment helps them build the confidence and resilience they need to navigate the world. When that stability is disrupted, especially due to lies and deceit, the harm inflicted on the child is incalculable. He has likely formed a deep emotional bond with his father, who has been the steady figure in his life, providing him with guidance, care, and love. To pull that away is to rip apart the foundation of his sense of security and emotional wellbeing. It is a betrayal that will leave scars that can last a lifetime, far beyond the confines of any courtroom. This injustice is not just about the father’s rights—it’s about the rights of the child. Children have the right to grow up in an environment that is safe, stable, and filled with love. They have the right to develop a healthy relationship with both parents, especially when those parents are capable of providing for their needs. Taking a child away from a father who has been there, consistently,is not just unfair; it is damaging to the child’s mental and emotional health.  There is a special kind of cowardice in using lies and manipulation to take a child away from a loving father. It speaks not only to a lack of integrity but to a deep disregard for the child’s wellbeing. Those who resort to these tactics do so not because they are acting in the child’s best interest, but because they are driven by selfish motives. Whether it's a desire for control, a need for revenge, or simply a desire to manipulate the system, these actions are a betrayal of the child and the very ideals of justice that our legal systems are meant to uphold.  The true cowardice lies in the use of false accusations. It’s an easy way to attack someone’s character, especially when that person is a parent who may be less equipped to defend themselves in the face of malicious allegations. But this kind of cowardice ultimately harms everyone involved, most tragically, the child who suffers the consequences of a broken, unstable family life. This father's fight is not just his own, it is the fight of every parent who has been unjustly accused and every child who deserves to grow up in a loving, stable environment. It is a reminder that the court system must be vigilant in ensuring that custody decisions are based on fact, not fiction. Lies should not hold power over the truth of a father's devotion to his child, and cowardice should not be rewarded. It’s time to prioritize the child’s needs and not allow dishonesty and manipulation to determine their future. The legal system must do more to protect fathers who are doing the right thing and raising their children with care. The damage done to the emotional health of the child and the father is irreparable when lies triumph over truth. In the end, this is about more than just one custody case, it is a call for justice, compassion, and truth in all custody battles. The fight for a child's wellbeing is the fight for fairness, where both parents, when fit to care for their children, are given the chance to play an equal and significant role in their child’s life. The goal should always be what is best for the child, and nothing more. It’s time for the justice system to reflect that ideal.

150th Birthday of Jack London

                 Last Monday, 12th of January, the American writer Jack London would complete 150 years old, so this post is a tribute to him. He was a pioneer in many areas: in publishing a literary magazine, in social activism and writing a dystopian novel. We all have fight for democracy, justice and human rights, because unpunished human rights violations can spread easily without people realized and when become a dystopia will be late. Fortunately, the people of the world is demanding justice and democracy with political rights for who deserves. There never was a so great political movement equal this happening in the last 6 years. I have a YouTube channel, here is the link.   https://www.youtube.com/@lucianofietto4773/videos. Since the creation of this channel its visualization counter doesn't work, the same has been happening with the counter of this blog since its creation in 2010.           This post is a summary of three texts. The first and the third paragraphs was written by Google AI. The second was published at https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/jack-london     

                  Jack London was a pioneer in adventure literature, commercial fiction, and early science fiction, known for his gripping tales of survival and the wilderness, like The Call of the Wild, but his pioneering spirit also extended to journalism (exposing poverty in The People of the Abyss) and social activism, championing workers' rights and socialism as one of America's first internationally famous, high-earning authors. He was a man of bold experiences—a gold prospector, sailor, and hobo—whose life mirrored his themes of rugged individualism and the struggle for existence, making him a literary and cultural trailblazer.                                                                                                                                                           John Griffith Chaney, better known as Jack London, was born in 1876, in San Francisco, California. His father was never part of his life, and his mother ended up marrying John London, a civil war veteran, who moved his new family to Oakland. His life as a writer began in 1893. The 17th-year-old adventurer had made it home and regaled his mother with his tales of what had happened to him. When she saw an announcement in one of the local papers for a writing contest, she pushed her son to write down and submit his story. Armed with just an eight-grade education, London captured the $25 first prize, beating out college students from Berkeley and Stanford. Jack London found fame and fortune at the age of 27 with his novel   The Call of the Wild, (1903), which told the story of a dog that finds its place in the world as a sled dog in the Yukon. The success did little to soften London's hard-driving lifestyle. A prolific writer, he published more than 50 books over the last 16 years of his life .                                                                                                                                             Jack London's The Iron Heel (1908) is considered the first modern American dystopian novel and remains highly relevant today as a prophetic, cautionary tale regarding the dangers of unchecked capitalism, rising authoritarianism, and extreme wealth inequality. The novel, which depicts a future where a super-rich oligarchy crushes democracy and the working class, serves as a mirror to contemporary socio-political issues. 5 Key Aspects of Its Modern Importance:1) Critique of Oligarchy and Inequality: The book accurately anticipated the concentration of wealth in the hands of a small percentage of the population (the "0.1%"), warning against the immense power this gives to corporations and the wealthy elite.     2) Warning Against Fascism and Authoritarianism: Published long before the rise of 20th-century fascism, it predicted the brutal methods used by ruling elites to maintain control, including violence, surveillance, and the manipulation of information.   3) Relevance to Modern Social Movements: It is used as a tool to analyze ongoing struggles against systemic injustice, class warfare, and the erosion of democratic rights.  4) Precursor to Dystopian Literature: It influenced future classic dystopian works, including George Orwell's 1984, and serves as a foundational text for understanding the genre.  5) Perspective on Long-Term Struggle: It provides a "long view" of history, suggesting that achieving a more equitable society is a process involving centuries of struggle rather than a swift, easy victory. Despite its dated, didactic, and sometimes melodramatic style, the core message of The Iron Heel—the fear that democracy can be crushed by entrenched, ruthless power—continues to resonate in modern political discourse.                                                                                                     

Between Activism and Apathy: Injustice and Citizens

            The fight against injustice needs all of us. Like MLK said, "injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere." Like said the author of this article, "we all have the political responsability of fight injustice." Once I'd like to thank everyone taking part in this huge worldwide movement for justice and my political rights. For more than six years the world has been witnessing this global fight for justice. Let's make this movement even bigger this year. I have a YouTube channel, here is the link.   https://www.youtube.com/@lucianofietto4773/videos. Since the creation of this channel its visualization counter doesn't work, the same has been happening with the counter of this blog since its creation in 2010.   This post is a summary of the article with the incomplete title above published in November 2025 at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/13698230.2025.2588077?needAccess=true

                This responsibility to join with others in collective action in order to address injustices. It is only though engaging in collective political action that we can alter unjust structures, and accordingly discharge our political responsibility. In this paper, I am viewing activism as engaging in collective action to pressure powerful agents through 'public demand'. It might be thought that political responsibility can be discharged through resisting injustice rather than through activism. Resistance 'designates' a broad range of dissident activities. We can distinguish activism from other forms of resistance in the following two ways: 1) Activism is necessarily collective action, it involves being part of a movement, whereas resistance can be individual or collective action. 2) Activism is purposeful action with an end goal of overcoming injustice.     Organised collective action is necessary to alter unjust structures. The conclusion, that citizens have a responsibility to engage in collective political action to address injustices, is not limited to the literature on injustice. It is also a feature of political approaches within broader global justice theory. Global injustices require that citizens step up, and that they do so by regularly engaging in activism. Social connection model of political responsibility is not intended to confirm our existing institutions regarding responsibility, it is meant to challenge them, and to offer an alternative account of political responsibility suitable for the globalised conditions in which we currently find ourselves. In this section, I examine three alternative routes by which citizens can discharge their political responsibility to address injustice: 1) Activism light - citizens engage in activism, they just do less of it. 2) Role-ideal model - citizens push the boundaries of their social roles in a way that challenges unjust structures. 3) Scaffolding activism - citizens discharge their responsibility by supporting the activism of others. In examining these routes, I am assuming a divison of labour bewteen citizens who are committed activists and other citizens. Citizens may move between the two categories over the course of their lives. Non-activists citizens have some influence over the success of activist projects through choosing which activist groups or projects they scaffold. Here, the analogy with the division of labour in a representative democracy may again be applicable, with scaffolding serving the function of voting and activist groups taking on a similar role to political parties. In order to address these concerns, I examined three alternative ways in which citizens can fulfil their political responsibility to address injustice. I recommended the scaffolding activism as a promising and underexplored option and developed an initial account of scaffolding responsibilities. In doing so, this paper fills a gap in existing accounts, detailing an important and undertheorised way that citizens can discharge their responsibility to act to address injustice without engaging in actvism themselves. The arguments of this paper may have important implications beyond the injustice literature, concerning the nature of political duties to address injustices within broader global justice debates. In closing, I want to highlight two important areas for further work, 1) developing a comprehensive theory of scaffolding activism. 2) examining the role of scaffolding in facilitating other forms of political action.