International Day for the Right to the Truth Concerning Human Rights Violations and for Dignity of Victims 2022

                      Last Thursday 24th of March all over the world was celebrated the fight for justice, truth and for dignity for the victims of human rights violations. This post is a summary of three articles. The first was published at https://www.ecdhr.org/?p=1494. The second was published at at https://www.oas.org/fr/CIDH/jsForm/File=/en/iachr/media_center/PReleases/2022/061.asp. The third was published at https://peacehumanity.org/projects-and-activities/raising-awareness/                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         As the world celebrates the International Day for the Right to the Truth Concerning Human Rights Violation and for the Dignity of Victims, the European Centre for Democracy and Human Rights (ECDHR) recognise the fundamental importance of continuously shining a light on the systematic human rights violations in countries which often go unacknowledged and unpunished. "The people have a right to the truth as they have a right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness," Epictetus (55-135). On this 24th of March, the ECDHR joins the world and welcomes this recognition of the unique suffering of victims of human rights violations, not only at the time of abuses, but long after as they seek truth, acknowledgement, and justice. This commemorative day was established in 2010 by the General Assembly of the U.N., who acknowledged the importance of "promoting the memory of victims of gross and systematic human rights violations and the importance of the right to truth and justice. This international day also seeks to pay tribute to those who have fought relentlessly, sometimes to the death, to ensure the respect of human rights for all. The right to truth is a concept often invoked in the case of grave human rights abuses and refers to the explicit right of victims and their relatives to know the full truth of what transpired, under which circumstances, and by whose hands. While the concept finds its roots in the 1970-80s in the context of widespread enforced disappearances in Latin American dictatorships of the time, it was explicitly referred to in a 2005 Resolution by the U.N. Commission on Human Rights who recognised its importance and potential to contribute to ending impunity. It was further explored in a 2006 report by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, where it was pronounced as an "inalienable and autonomous right", linked to, but distinct from, the State duty to protect human rights, conduct effective investigations, and ensure remedy and reparations. Truth after human rights violations is paramount. Not only does it enable victims and their relatives to come to terms with their abuses, but it also provides them with access to effective reparations and remedy. When the abuses are clearly documented, the victim will be able to benefit from care and support for their psychological trauma, and the perpetrators may be identified and prosecuted. Truth is equally essential in ending the cycle of impunity by tearing down the all-too-common narratives propagated by the perpetrators or the government, namely that victims, especially human rights defenders, as "terrorists" or "enemies of the state". Human rights abuses in some countries are systematic and human rights defenders as well as national and international organisations continue to fight to amplify the voices of victims and communicate their experiences to the international community. However, remains a deep-seated culture of inpunity in some countries. Official bodies charged with investigating allegations of violations have generally been unable or unwilling to properly investigate these cases. On this 24th of March, the ECDHR takes the opportunity to reinforce its commitments to ending the cycle of impunity and fighting for the respect of human rights for all. The ECDHR upholds this commitment to the right to truth every day, and we urge the international community to add their poweful voice to advocate for justice and reparations for victims.                                                                                                                                                               On the International Day for the Right to the Truth Concerning Human Rights Violations and for the Dignity of Victims, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) and the U.N. Special Rapporteur on the Promotion of Truth, Justice, Reparation and guarantees of non-recurrence remind States in the Americas of their obligation to commemorate, preserve and publicize the historical truth concerning serious rights violations. The IACHR and the Special Rapporteur call for the development of public policies on memory based on documentary and testimonial evidence and designed with the participation of victims and civil society. The IACHRand the Special Rapporteur are concerned about rollbacks including censorship of historically valuable documents and cultural initiatives and about the destruction of or difficulty in accessing archives and other evidence that is relevant to establish and preserve the historical truth. The IACHR and the U.N. Special Rapporteur warn States of their international obligations to retrieve, preserve and publicize the historical truth concerning human rights violations. They therefore call on States to protect the memory legacy and to refrain from adopting initiatives or fostering discourse that disregard the voices of victims or revictimize them.                                                                                                                                                                                                The State is under the obligation to combat the situation of impunity by all means, as it fosters chronic recidivism of human rights violations and total defenselessness of the victims and of their next of kin, who have the right to know the truth about the facts, this right to the truth, when it is recognized and exercised in a concrete situation, constitutes an important means of reparation therefore, the right to the truth generates an expectation of the victims, which the State must satisfy. In addition to the relatives of the victims directly affected by a human rights violation, the societyas a whole also is entitled to the right to be duly informed. The entire society has the right, which can not be given up to know the truth about what has occurred, as well as the reasons and ciscunstances in which crimes came to be committed, in order to avoid these incidents recurring in the future.              

140th Birthday of James Joyce - Part II

                       This post is a summary of three articles. The first was published at  https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/viewdocId=ft896nb5qw&chunk.id=d0e399&toc.id=&bran. The second was published athttps://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/value-of-james-joyce/significance-of-the-ordinary-in-dubliners-portraitulysses/4836CF07CB1A395BC09701A9ACAFD050. The third was published at   https://ezrajames.medium.com/james-joyce-and-the-meaning-of-ulysses-22d8ca1857b7

                Although we may be unable to define in any doctrinal manner Joyce's politics, we can at least set the contours of his political consciousness from the evidence of the books he wrote. Of course, we must content ourselves less with specifics and more with the general tone and direction of his political thinking. From such an overview, I believe we must concur with Lionel Trilling's judgment that Joyce demonstrates in Ulysses in particular sympathy for progressive social ideas. Joyce ought to be seen as a political liberal: tolerant, democratic, pacific, nonideological, protective of individual liberties, yet, committed to social and familial responsabilities. He was an attentive, sympathetic follower of developments among anarchist and socialist thinkers. His diffidence on the subject may be attributable to his distrust of political solutions to complicated social problems, a distrust wrought of the years of violence and frustration experienced by political movements in his own country. He may have avoided political theorizing for the very reason that he could not accept the bluntness and oversimplification that so often accompanied it. His own work demonstrates a fondness for the oblique and the ambiguous that, I believe, predisposed him against black and white theorical pronouncements. For many American critics, Joyce posed peculiar problems. In some respects, he was the paradigmatic European modernist: exiled, disengaged, seemingly indifferent to politics. Moreover, Joyce was the consummate stylist, adding elaborate allusive structures to his novels. Experimentation with language and the stream of consciousness technique were his artistic trademarks. At the same time, however, Joyce was a modernist with a difference. He had a distinctive naturalist strain in his writing and was quite capable of rendering a scene or a portrait with an exactitude reminiscent of Flaubert or Zola. In addition, Joyce's Irish background was petit bourgeois, and the subjects of his stories and novels belonged to this same class: lower-middle class Dubliners, poorly educated, generally unself-conscious and manipulated by prejudice or illusion. Joyce could exhibit a special sympathy for victims of prejudice or exclusion. He was interested in the life of ordinary people, their culture, their fears and aspirations.                                                                                Richard Ellman said it best: "Joyce's discovery, so humanistic that he would have been embarrassed to disclose it out of context, was that the ordinary is the extraordinary." In a 1920 letter to Carlo Linati, Joyce called Ulysses "the cycle of the human body as well as a little story of a day (life)." The representation of the ordinary thereby becomes one of the most important elements of Joyce's democratic impulse. By giving the figures of Dubliners, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, and Ulysses a keen specificity with respect to the banal activities and feelings of their everyday lives, he intensifies the vitality of what it means to be human. The ordinary therefore plays a number of roles in Joyce's fiction, nonwithstanding its complication by the perspectives produced by narration and the thoughts of its characters. Its most external manifestation can be found in the intimate connection between many of the settings in the work and their prototypes in the historical world of late 19th and early 20th century Dublin.                                                                                                                 What makes Ulysses, first published on February 2nd, 1922, the innovative masterpiece that it is has more to do with Joyce's conception of history and humanity than nay other meaning, turning into a more identifiable work of art. Every page becomes a scavenger hunt for purpose and references to more expansive ideas. In a way, they  serve as a portal to the past. In Ulysses, Joyce was attempting to capture the history of both the world and literature as seen through the eyes of his alter ego, Stephen Daedalus, and Leopold Bloom. To explore his ideas further, he conceived of a story which takes place during the entirety of one day in the city of Dublin, Ireland, on the cloudy and gloomy day of June 16th, 1904. The day will become a representative of the structure of time, and through the small explorations of each waking moment. Despite its interesting structure and function, Ulysses remains a very difficult and patient endeavor. Behind ever sentence there is a hidden literary reference. Joyce's interest in history and language are extrapolated to countless facets of life, and each one carries an important meaning promptly tying them to the collective experience of a culture. There is much left to be uncovered and more questions left to find, however. This only scratches the surface of Ulysses's depths, an intention originating from the book's very conception. When Joyce proudly expressed his books will be dissected by professors and students for hundreds of years. More than a hundred years after originally publishing, Ulysses remains a gem for any avid literary fan to adore and interpret. 

Putin Chose War. We Remain United with Ukraine.

              Watching the unnecessary destruction of bridges, roads, streets, buildings, etc and the murders of hundreds of innocent people in Ukraine, we have to ask ourselves if there was any evolution in the humankind in the last century. All of us have to become more radicals against the evil that still is trying to remain in the world. All kinds of violences are unnecessary and should be severely punished. We must fight more for human rights, justice and peace in the world, we can't stay indifferent to the suffering caused by those that think they are unaccountable. Another result from this stupid war will be the increase of spending in weapons, something that should not happen. This post is a summary of two articles. The first with the incomplete title above was published at  https://www.gov.uk/government/news/our-strength-is-our-unity-putin-chose-war-we-remain-united-with-ukraine. The second was published at https://cepa.org/the-west-can-do-more-to-help-ukraine/

              This is a dangerous moment for freedom-loving people around the world. By  launching his brutal assault on the people of Ukraine, Vladimir Putin has also committed an assault on the principles that uphold global peace and democracy. But the people of Ukraine are resilient and we will continue to support the Ukrainian people as they defend their country. By choosing to pay for a war instead of investing in the needs of Russians, Putin's invasion of Ukraine will be a strategic failure for the Kremlin and ravage the future of the Russia people. The world is taking action to hold Russia accountable. As a result of unprecedented global sanctions coordination, Canada, the U.S., the U.K., the E.U., and Japan have removed have removed Russian banks from the SWIFT system. After Putin began his invasion, the ruble hit its weakest point in history, and the Russia stock market plunged. In response to Putin's war of choice, the vast majority of countries have stood by Ukraine and its people, and countries continue to support them economically, politically and defensively. Measures have been implemented to welcome Ukrainians who have fled the conflict and huge humanitarian aid programs have been launched to reduce the suffering of the displaced. Russia justify its military aggression by falsely claiming the need to stop "genocide" in Ukraine. We saw Russia use these tactics before, when they invaded Ukraine in 2014 and Georgia in 2008. Putin's goal of dividing the international community has failed. In the face one of the most significant challenges to democratic ideals since World War II, we have joined together in solidarity. Putin has failed to undermine our shared belief in the fundamental right of sovereign nations to choose their destiny. Putin's aggression against Ukraine will cost Russia profoundly, both economically and strategically. The Russian people deserve better from their government than the immense cost to their future that this invasion has precipitated. Liberty, democracy, and human dignity are forces far more powerful than fear and oppression. In the contest between democracy and autocracy, between sovereignty and subjugation, make no mistake: Freedom  will prevail.                                                                                                              Germany is increasing its defense spending to over 2% of GDP. All NATO countries should now see the necessity and follow Germany's lead. It seemed from his March 1st speech to the Senate that Italian Prime Minister Mario Draghi intends to follow suit. We have also learned that, like in 1939, appeasement and leading from behind does not work and merely whets the agressor's appetite. What we are seeing today is the result of many years of appeasing the megalomaniac Vladimir Putin in Crimea, Donbas, Georgia, Syria, Moldova, and Transnistria. Only resolve and courage are successful in the face of unwarranted aggression. The U.S. and its Western allies should be imposing more sanctions against Russia. It was also encouraging to see the U.S., Canada, E.U., the U.K., and others (now approaching 40 nations) closing their airspace to all Russian flights. More military and humanitarian aid must be delivered to Ukraine immediately. The U.S. did not blink in the face of Russian threats after the World War II and kept Berlin open as a symbol of freedom and democracy. The U.S. and its allies should not blink now and should keep Ukraine and its capital open. Putin threatens the world with weapons of mass destruction if he is not appeased. He has menaced Sweden, Finland, the Baltic states, Moldova, and others. A cogent proactive plan to address this global threat is necessary. Sanctions relief should only be considered after the good and decent people of Russia rise up and remove the crazed criminal dictator. We have already seen protests against Putin in St. Petersburg and other Russia cities. Putin needs to be tried for crimes against humanity.

140th Birthday of James Joyce

                A little more than a month ago, precisely on 2nd of February, the Irish writer James Joyce would complete 140 years old. So this post is a tribute to him. His innovative style of writing still influences many writers and his political activism always for democray and against coercive ideologies such as, nationalism, fascism, comunism was very important. This post is a summary of two articles. The first was published at  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce. The second was  published at    https://www.theschooloflife.com/thebookoflife/james-joyce/

                 James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (1882-1941) was an Irish novelist, short story writer, poet and literary critic. He contributed to the modernist movement and is regarded as one of the most influential and important writers of the 20th century. Joyce's novel Ulysses (1922) is a landmark in which the episodes are in a variety of literary styles, most famously stream of consciousness. Other well-known works are the short-story Dubliners (1914), and the novels  A portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) and Finnegans Wake (1939). Joyce was born in Dublin into a middle-class family. A brilliant student, he graduated at University College in Dublin in 1902. In 1904, he met his future wife Nora Barnacle and they move to Trieste, working as an English teacher. In Trieste, he began publishing his books. During the World War II, he lived in Zurich and started working on Ulysses. After the war, he briefly returned to Trieste and then moved to Paris in 1920, which became his residence until 1940. Many writers, film-makers and other artists have been influenced by his stylistic innovations, such as his meticulous attention to detail, use of interior monologue, wordplay, and the transformation of traditional plot and character development. Throughout his life, Joyce stayed actively interested in politics. Joyce's direct engagement in politics was strongest during his time in Trieste, when he submitted newspaper articles, gave lectures, and wrote letters advocating for Ireland's independence from British rule. His novels address many political issues. Ulysses has been read as a novel critiquing the effect of English colonialism on the Irish people. Finnegans Wake has been read as a work that investigates the divisive issues of politics and the coercive oppression of nationalism and fascism. Joyce's work still has a profound influence on contemporary culture. Its emphasis on the details of everyday life have opened up new possibilities of expression for authors.                                                                                                                                                                                                  James Joyce is one of the most revered writers in the English language and a central figure in the history of the novel. He is still hugely important to us because of his devotion to some crucial themes: the idea of the grandeur of ordinary life, and his determination to portray what actually goes through our heads moment by moment (what we now know as stream of consciousness). 1914 turned out to be Joyce's year of breakthrough when a publisher in London finally decided to bring out his book of short stories, Dubliners which had been rejected, and the American poet, Ezra Pound, arranged to get his novel, A Portrait of the Artist, serialised. This was followed by the serialisation of Ulysses in 1918, the book which made Joyce's name around the world. Joyce's principle work Ulysses is named after the most dramatic adventure story the ancient Greeks handed down to civilisation. But the major character of Joyce's novel is not a warrior. He is, instead, quite kindly and quite foolish man called Leopold Bloom. He works in the advertising industry, he is married (but his wive is having an affair). He is a bit of an outsider in Dublin and there are various humiliations which he has to put up with all the time. He is unlike a traditional hero, but he is representative of our average, unimpressive, fragile, but rather likeable every day selves. Joyce treats Leopold with respect and immense interest, he is someone (Joyce suggest) we should learn from and try in certain ways to be like, just as in the ancient world, Ulysses was held up as an inspiring model of resourceful and brave conduct. We follow Leopold for a whole day as he wanders around Dublin, we see him having lunch, etc. He worries about his relationship with his wife and daughter, he has various conversations. Joyce is saying that the apparently little things that happen in daily life (eating, feeling sorry for someone, feeling sorry for oneself, getting embarrassed) aren't really little things at all. If we look at them through the right lens they are revealed as serious, deep and fascinating. Our own lives are just as interesting as those of the traditional heroes, but we are less good at appreciating them. The helpful lens is supplied initially by Joyce's novel, but ideally we should internalise it and make it our own: we should accept ourselves as minor legitimate heroes of our own dignified lives. Joyce, like other modernist describers of stream of consciousness is suggesting that if we knew more about what others and ourselves really thought and felt we'd have a clearer sense of what it means to be human; and we'd also perhaps be slower to anger, we'd love more and hate less. We'd be more curious about the apparently strange byways our own minds, and those of others are endlessly following. James Joyce spent the greater part of his life writing. But what is art for? In The Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Joyce gets his spokesman Stephen to have an answer. He follows a traditional route, using two terms from the medieval philosopher St. Thomas Aquinas. The first is Integritas: This means that an artist is someone who attempts to grasp the true integrity and identity of what is being studied. It might be a tree, a moment of history or the life of a fictional character. We don't normally do this, we don't concentrate on what a person is saying or doing, or what moments around us really are. Art has the job of doing this for us, and teaching us to do so habitually. The second step for an artist is to bring Claritas (or clarity): which means shining the lighting of reason into the murkier parts of experience and life. Art, as Joyce sees it, should be a corrective to our natural, but dangerou, blindness and inattention. If it sometimes puzzles us, we know, says Joyce, that it's doing its job, it's awakening us to what we have quickly grown blind to.

Russia Invades Ukraine in Brutal Act of War

                   The democratic nations of the world can not allow this cowardice with Ukraine. The list of crimes of the Russian President is huge. All democratic nations should unite against totalitarian nations. We all must make a effort to spread democracy and human rights around the world. The world must follow the path of justice with total respect for the sovereignty of nations and human rights. We all must fight against this evil that represent Putin, all dictators have his support. Please, say not to impunity and violence. This post is a summary of two articles. The first was published with the incomplete title above at    https://www.opb.org/article/2022/02/24/russia-invades-ukraine-war/. The second was published at   https://theconversation.com/why-did-russia-invade-ukraine-faqs-about-the-conflict-that-has-shocked-the-world-177963

                  Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine on Thursday. Ukraine's pleaded for help as civilians piled into trains and cars to flee. Military forces battling Russians on multiple fronts suffered dozens of casualties. Russian President Putin ignored global condemnation and cascading new sanctions as he unleashed the largest ground war in Europe since World War II and chillingly referred to his country's nuclear arsenal. He threatened any country trying to interfere with "consequences you have never seen." "Russia has embarked on a path of evil, but Ukraine is defending itself and won't give up its freedom," Ukrainian President Zelensky tweeted. U.S. announced new sanctions against Russia, saying Putin "chose this war" and that his country would bear the consequences. Other nations also announced sanctions. Zelensky appealed to global leaders, saying that "if you don't help us now, if you fail to offer a powerful assistance to Ukraine, tomorrow the war will knock on your door." The chief of the NATO alliance, Jens Stoltenberg said the "brutal act of war" shattered peace in Europe, joining a chorus of world leaders decrying an attack that could cause massive casualties. Condemnation came not only from U.S. and E.U., but also from South Korea, Australia and beyond. Even friendly leaders like Hungary's Viktor Orban sought to distance themselves from Putin. British Prime Minister Boris Johnson said he aimed to cut off Russia from the U.K. financial markets, freezing the assets of all large Russian banks and planning to bar Russian companies. "Now we see him what he is, a bloodstained aggressor who believes in imperial conquest," he said. While some nervous Europeans speculated about a possible new world war, the U.S. and its NATO partners have shown no indication they would send troops into Ukraine. After weeks of denying plans to invade, Putin launched the operation on a country that has increasingly tilted towards the democratic west and away from Moscow's sway.                                                                                                                                                              Putin nurses a deep sense of grievance over the loss of Russia's power and influence since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. Ukraine was formerly part of the Soviet Union but declared its independence in 1991. Having a prosperous, modern, independent and democratic European state bordering Russia was perceived as posing a threat to Russia's autocratic regime. Putin also perceives that western democracies are in a weak and particularly vulnerable state, thanks in part due to Russian efforts to create discord and sow divisions in Europe and North America, making this an opportune time to launch a major military adventure. It is a war that actually began after Ukraine's Revolution of Dignity, also known as Euromaidan in 2014. That's when protests by citizens who wanted a closer relationship with Europe led to the ouster president Viktor Yanukovych. Russia responded by illegally annexing Crimea. Putin is seeking to turn back the clock to a time when the Soviet Union and the West had defined stable "spheres of influence" in Europe. In a TV speech days before the invasion, Putin suggested that modern Ukraine was interily created by Russia. Putin has much of his world view from the Russocentric of the former Soviet regime. Russia has for four centuries tried to fully subjugate Ukrainian lands and to subdue the nation by means of laws and policies designed to undermine its language and culture. As various attempts by Ukrainians to establish an independent state were thwarted by Russia, Putin has repeatedly sought to disparage Ukraine's successful declaration of independence in 1991 and is determined to put an end to it.

Politics After Totalitarianism: Evil and Judgment in Kant, Arendt, and Lyotard

                This post is a summary of a dissertation with the incomplete title above submitted for the degree of doctor of philosophy at Northwestern University in Illinois, and written by Javier Burdman, published in 2018 file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/Burdman_northwestern_0163D_14063%20(1).pdf

                Ever since the end of World War II, we have been aware that totalitarianism represents a form of evil. Yet the acknowledgment of this novelty does not necessarily mean that we have come to terms with it, that we have overcome the temptation to go back to familiar ground by interpreting the new under the light of older concepts. After totalitarianism, we no longer see universal cognitive foundations narratives as a source of liberation, but rather distrust them as a potential source of domination and terror. At this study will show, the concept of evil is interwined with two of the most central concepts in contemporary political theory, namely, action and judgment. In order to fully understand the novelty of evil, it is not enough to obtain an accurate description of the psychology of the perpetrators, or of the historical causes that led to their crimes. If contemporary political theory emerged in part as a response to a new form of political evil, then understanding this form of evil is essential for understanding some of the essential presuppositions within the field. The problem of evil in politics is of course not limited to the regimes that we designate as totalitarian. Phenomena such as mass murder, systematic violence, torture, ideological extremism, and segregation, seem to emerge in the world. It would be futile to attempt to develop a grand theory that accounts for every political phenomenon that we characterize as evil. However, it is possible to inquire into the roots of our use of this notion, so as make political theory more reflective about its meaning, and thus of some of the most basic presuppositions that underlie its approach to the phenomena that we subsume under it, either explicitly or implicitly. At a general level, we use the word 'evil' to refer to actions that transgress universal standards determining what should and should not be done. Recent studies have analyzed arendt's understanding of responsibility in "Human Condition" and in her later writings. However, these studies do not address the connection between responsibility and Arendt's thought on evil in connection to totalitarianism. This is an blind spot given that, as will be shown, the destruction of responsibility for actions is an essential element of totalitarian crimes. Arendt claims,"we may say that radical evil has emerged in connection with a system in which all men have become equally superfluous. The manipulators of this system believe in their own superfluousness as much as in that of all others." This is a necessary condition for exercising total domination over men. This entails a lack of individuality, that is, of anything that distinguishes one man from another. From the viewpoint of totalitarianism, all men are or must be nothing. Only this kind of men can be the subject of total domination, in the sense that every aspect of their lives is controllable and made entirely predictable. The development of totalitarianism in power intensifies the elimination of responsibility for action. While the leader eliminates responsibility for any deed by members of the totalitarian regime. The secret police eliminates legal responsibility for any crime committed within the totalitarian state. The secret police does not prosecute people on the basis of what they have done, but rather on the basis of what they are and could potentially do. Lyotard finds an example of the relationship between political events and the idea of humanity in Kant's famous interpretation of the French Revolution. Kant introduces this notion as part of his attempt to respond to the question of whether the human race is morally progressing. In order to know whether human beings will act more morally in the future, if they are morally progressing, we need to know their disposition, which is impossible. This occurrence, Kant adds, could not be considered in itself as the cause of history, but only as a historical sign. The historical sign is then an occurrence in history that demonstrates that the human race has a good moral disposition, and is therefore on the path of moral progress. The occurrence that shows that the human race is progressing is not a deed, but rather, the mode of thinking of the spectators which reveals itself publicly in this game of revolutions, and manifests a universal yet disinterested sympathy for the players on one side. Thus, this universal and disinterested sympathy is the historical sign that demonstrates that the human race is progressing. In the "Critique of the Power of Judgment," Kant claims that, enthusiasm is sublime, because it is a stretching of the powers through ideas. The capacity of the spectators to feel enthusiasm for certain events is a sign that they are susceptible to ideas, and this susceptibility is already moral. Those who feel it are susceptible to the idea of morality, it nonetheless affirms progress, since the spectating humanity must already have made cultural progress in order to be able to make this sign. The capacity to have this feeling proves that we are susceptible to moral ideas. And given that this susceptibility is the aim of cultural progress, the feeling also proves that humanity is progressing. Humanity is thus the name of an ethical community on the path to moral progress, aroused by certain historical events. The problem of the banality of evil, which has concerned us, points to the generalized acquiescence and indifference mentioned by Forti. Although the analysis of parties and social identities is obviously important for understanding totalitarianism, an analysis of action and judgment at its everyday level is essential. In order to understand not only the emergence of totalizing ideologies, but also the acquiescence of ordinary people to these ideologies. It is at this level that ideologies seek the active complicity of individuals determined to escape the uncertainty that comes with responsibility. And it is this active complicity with the destruction of one's own responsibility, rather than an incapacity to take responsibility, that makes evil possible. Therefore, the fight against political evil can not consist in preserving or cultivating a capacity. Before this cultivation is even possible, one must choose whether to face the uncertainty that underlies any action and any judgment, or otherwise to hold fast to rules. To accept responsibility for this choice does not guarantee that we will do the right thing, but it makes unlikely that we will do the worst thing.

Data Privacy Day - 2022

                  This post is a summary of four articles. The first was published at   https://live.worldbank.org/world-bank-group-data-privacy-day-2022. The second was published at https://staysafeonline.org/data-privacy-week/about-dpw/. The third was published at https://www.coe.int/en/web/data-protection/data-protection-day. The fourth was published at https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/data-privacy-day-2022/

                  In today's digital world, data is part of our everyday lives. Data collection and sharing are essential components in conducting business in today's world. Data Privacy Day is an international effort that takes place annually on January 28 to create awareness about the importance of respecting privacy, safeguarding data and enabling trust. The World Bank Group Data Privacy Day is one of the premier global Data privacy Day events and best practices for the responsible handling of personal data.                                            In 2022, National Cybersecurity Alliance is excited to expand the Data Privacy day campaign into Data Privacy Week, a full week-long initiative. Data Privacy Day began in the U.S. and Canada in January 2008 as an extension of Data Protection Day in Europa. Data Protection Day commemorates January 28, 1981 signing of Convention 108, the first legally binding international treaty dealing with privacy and data protection. Data Privacy Week helps spread awareness about online privacy and educates citizens on how to manage their personal information and keep it secure. Data Privacy Week also encourages businesses to respect data and be more transparent about how they collect and use customer data. To promote these goals, we will promote and encourage actions leading up to Data Privacy Week: According to the Pew Research Center, 79% of U.S. adults report being concerned about the way their data is being used by companies. Respecting consumers' privacy is a smart strategy for inspiring trust and growth in your business. Researching and adopting a privacy framework can help you manage risk and create a culture of privacy.                                                                           In 2006, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe decided to launch a Data Protection Day, to be celebrated each year on 28th January. Data Protection Day is now celebrated globally and is called "Privacy Day" outside Europe. It aims at raising awareness on the right to data protection. The Council of Europe, initiator of this important celebration, continues to play a leading role by encouraging and showcasing initiatives held on this occasion. The main goal of this day is to educate the public on data protection challenges, and inform the individuals about their rights and how to exercise them. In this perspective, the Stefano Rodota Award, established by the Committee of Convention 108, will honour innovative and original academic research projects in the field of data protection. The winners will be announced on the occasion of this special date.                                                                                    Data Privacy Day is celebrated on January 28, every year across the world. The objective of the day is to sensitize individuals and disseminate privacy practices and principles. It encourages everyone to own their privacy responsibilities to create a culture of privacy. The theme for this year is 'Privacy matter'. Privacy has been one of the hot topics of discussion in a digitally connected world. The issue has become pertinent at the time of the coronavirus disease pandemic, when more people are forced to spend time in the online world.