VOTE QUEM DEFENDE CAUSAS NOBRES AO SER HUMANO. VOTE 77650

                  Bom dia, boa tarde, boa noite. Depende da hora que vc estará lendo esse texto. Esse é o 1º texto da campanha para a eleição de 2024. Será um texto por semana, até a última semana de campanha, antes do dia 6 de Outubro. Além desses textos da campanha, continuarei com os resumos nos fins de semana como acontece deste 2010. Como todos podem ler no perfil deste blog,  tenho feito um ciberativismo à favor de uma educação de qualidade, em defesa dos direitos humanos, uma política e um governo mais transparentes, isso é importante para maior produtividade do dinheiro público, e do desenvolvimento sustentável. Tenho escrito também sobre a importância do ciberativismo. Mas o que é ciberativismo? É uma forma de ativismo pela internet, também chamada de ativismo online ou digital, usada para defender e divulgar causas, fazer reivindicações e organizar mobilizações. Pode ser praticado por qualquer pessoa que tem acesso à internet e de várias formas. Há dezoito anos faço ciberativismo, um ativismo educativo que ajuda todos a entender melhor questões importantes para o mundo e o Brasil, não somente para nossas cidades, nossas comunidades. Atualmente, com a ajuda da internet, há milhões de ativistas no mundo defendendo suas causas e muito contribuem para a melhoria de questões fundamentais para uma vida digna e melhor. Pessoalmente não conheço ninguém fazendo um ativismo tão intenso ( todo fim de semana coloco um resumo no blog e diariamente coloco posts no face) e extenso (por dezoito anos) como o que eu faço. Deste 2020 tenho também um canal no YouTube    https://youtube.com/@lucianofietto4773?si=GKVWGKexNYi4-GQ- Também faço um ativismo em prol da justiça e da importância da cultura, da dignidade e da verdade, porque qualquer ativismo online ou não, pode contribuir para a melhoria das cidades, dos estados e dos países.  É indiscutível os benefícios que a internet trouxe a democracia, ao acesso ao conhecimento, ao acesso a educação, e para que esse benefício seja ampliado temos que usar os recursos digitais que estão a nossa disposição atualmente. Você pode conferir alguns destes posts nestes links:  http://thepeopleteacher.blogspot.com.br/2013/02/xl-activism-is-act-of-faith.html. Este outro é sobre como a internet pode ajudar a proteger os direitos humanos, a democracia e a justiça no mundo.  http://thepeopleteacher.blogspot.com.br/2013/04/human-rights-activists-taught-online.html. Este é sobre como a internet pode ajudar a aproximar o povo da política e da tomada de decisões sobre políticas públicas. http://thepeopleteacher.blogspot.com.br/2013/10/online-activism-enables-you-to-take.html.  Este agora é sobre como a internet contribuiu para o imenso e espontâneo protesto de Junho de 2013 nas cidades Brasileiras, inclusive o título do resumo já diz muito, "Protestos no Brasil marcam a evolução da democracia da era digital." http://thepeopleteacher.blogspot.com.br/2013/11/brazil-protests-mark-evolution-of.html

The Mechanisms of Psychosocial Injury Following Human Rights Violations

                    Since the creation of this blog in 2010, its counter of visualizations doesn't work and the same is happening with my YouTube channel since its creation in 2020. For no reason,  I'm being  harmed in so many ways and for more than two decades. Why can I not have a YouTube channel and blog with their counter of visualizations working like everyone else? However, now all the world is demanding justice and equality. The Brazilian institutions including from the federal, state and city government must do more to increase political inclusion, fairness, responsiveness to public demands. Once again I'd like to thank everyone doing this worldwide movement stronger than ever, using their time and internet to raise awareness to injustices happening around the world. I'll be forever grateful to those helping with their solidarity. If you want to know my channel, watch my videos, https://youtube.com/@lucianofietto4773?si=kzZQtwV_02bTPVYA. Despite rumours that I wouldn't be a candidate, I'm now a candidate for city councilor and my number is 77650.  This post is a summary of the article with the incomplete title above published at https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/articles/article-pdf/id1509579.pdf

                         When human rights are systematically violated, the legacy can be enduringly toxic for individuals, cultures, and societies. In the context of political violence, events such as being threatened, witnessing the deaths of others, being tortured, and bullied, witnessing atrocities are enacted with the purpose of instilling terror, or demonstrating the power of the perpetrating group. For victims, these experiences are often also accompanied by forced disconnection from familial, social and cultural communities and resources. Not surprisingly, research has demonstrated that exposure to human rights violations, coupled with enduring deprivation and adversity, affects mental health outcomes, most notably creating risk for psychological disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. There is a long-standing recognition, however, that these diagnostic categories may be inadequate to describe the effects of these events across multiple domains. Survivors of human rights violations (HRVs) also often exhibit a range of other reactions, including profound and impairing changes to self-efficacy, and core existential beliefs, as well as pervasive feelings of anger, humiliation and betrayal. We draw on and integrate diverse lines of inquiry across multiple domains of human functioning (social, psychological,etc) to propose three key pathways by which violence, displacement, and refugee-related disruptions cause and maintain psychosocial injury, which we define as psychological distress and impairment in psychological and social functioning in survivors of human rights violations. To date, however, no research has examined the individual and combined association between these factors and post-human rights violations mental health. Our proposed framework draws on and extends previous research and models of care by integrating established theoretical principles of the psychological effects of trauma, empirical evidence from clinical and social psychology, clinical observation from work conducted with survivors of human rights violations and contextual factors related to human rights violations. In settings where HRVs typically occur, the individual may be victim to countless unpredictable instances of persecution; further, he may witness atrocities perpetrated against family, friends, or strangers while being powerless to intervene. This sense of helplessness may be compounded as the person is stripped of control of other areas of his life. Traumatic stress have also highlighted the importance of perceptions of control during and after a traumatic event. HRVs are often related to persecution on the basis of an aspect of ethnic, political, religious, cultural, or other identity. Violence, persecution, and the intentional infliction of trauma directly violate the status of the victim as a worthwhile human being, deserving of basic human rights. One critical question is whether it is necessary to develop models of prevention and treatment that specifically target factors that cause posttraumatic symptoms and functional impairment after exposure to HRVs. One of the most strongly validated treatment for PTSD is prolonged exposure therapy, which requires repeated imaginal reliving of the trauma memory. Recent research has attested to the efficacy of narrative exposure therapy in reducing symptoms of PTSD and improving functioning in a variety of groups. In this article, we integrated existing lines of theoretical and research inquiry to propose a comprehensive model of the mechanisms underlying the relationship between exposure to HRVs and psychological suffering. Further, such research should take into account the potentially compounding or healing impact of the posttrauma environment that commonly surrounds HRVs would have significant implications for the development of treatment interventions that directly target maintaining factors to reduce distress and functional impairment in individuals exposed to HRVs.

The Middle-Income Trap

                 When I was studying economics in my early twenties, the issue I was more interested in go deeper was the cause of development. Nowadays, I keep this interest in my readings, so this is a book every policy makers should read . In Brazil for more than one decade there is not any real GDP growth per capita. Policy makers and economists should make public policies that help Brazil to overcome this stagnant economic situation. Despite rumors that I wouldn't be a candidate, now I'm officially a candidate to city councilor and my number is 77650. Since 2020 I've had also a channel on YouTube, if you want to know my channel here is the link https://youtube.com/@lucianofietto4773?si=ZgrD-GvowGUhw8v8    This post is a summary of the book with the title above published in 2024 at https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/8f49fae8-ba60-45ba-b4d9-82bc22a964d9/content

                    Developing economies change in structure as they increase  in size, which means that changes in the pace of growth stem from factors that are new to them. Although these imperatives can vary across countries, economic expansion, on average, begins to decelerate and often reaches a plateau in income per capita growth, typically at about US$8,000. A systematic slowdown in growth then occurs. Development strategies relying largely on capital accumulation that served these countries well in their low-income phase, begin to yield diminishing returns. To see why, consider this: if capital endowments were the only economically relevant difference between middle-income countries today, the gross national income per capita would have been nearly three-quarters of that of the U.S. in 2019. In fact, it is about one-fifth that of the U.S. Its growth prospects now depend increasingly on its ability to boost the sophistication of its production. To achieve high-income status, a middle-income country needs to ramp up the sophistication of its economic structure. Using economic complexity of a country's export basket, a measure of sophistication, there is a rising relationship between sophistication and income for all economies that transitioned from a GDP per capita of less than US$13,000 to more than US$31,000. To achieve more sophisticated economies, middle-income countries need two successive transitions. In the first, investment is complemented with infusion, so that countries focus on imitating and diffusing modern tech. In the second, innovation is added to the investment and infusion mix, so that countries focus on building domestic capabilities to add value to global tech, ultimately becoming innovation themselves. In general, middle-income countries need to recalibrate the mix of the three drivers of economic growth: investment, infusion, and innovation. What makes the move from middle-income status to high-income so difficult? One reason is that as they move through middle-income status, countries can't leap all at once from investment-driven growth to innovation-driven growth. Infusion of tech comes first and then innovation. Economic success in lower-income countries stems largely from accelerating investment. As these economies move to middle-income status, continued progress requires complementing good investment with measures designed to bring innovation from abroad and diffuse them across the economy, so called infusion. To intentionally import tech, knowledge of market potential, and business practices from abroad, as well as expedite their diffusion at home, middle-income economies have to change tack. Policy makers must support firms that are able to incorporate global tech into production. For firms to make the most of new tech, they need technically skilled workers in large numbers and a sufficient supply of engineers, scientists, managers, and other highly skilled professionals. Countries that are open to ideas from abroad and have strong education and vocational training programs tend to perform better than those that have not. The experiences of three economies that have grown quickly- Chile, Korea and Poland, illustrate these ideas. Developing countries should seriously consider the close correlation between the quality of institutions and the probability of falling into the trap. Economists have conjectured that poor institutional quality discourages investment and innovation, distorts allocation, and lowers returns to entrepreneurship. And policy and institutional deficiencies can put the brakes on and even derail development. Middle-income growth requires a shift from investment in physical capital to infusion of tech and innovation. At this stage, countries need to improve their capabilities to produce a range of sophisticated products. Efficient allocation of the factors of production accounts for about 25% of productivity growth. Efficiency in allocating resources boost jobs and output growth as well as creates positive spillovers for other business along the value chain. When countries focus on innovation, there is a rise in the number of their patents and the importance of these patents in the global production of knowledge. Countries need a more skilled workforce as their production processes become more complex with infusion and innovation, also need to invest in their researchers, who contribute to the expansion of knowledge in various fields. How have the most successful middle-income countries engineered progress? Modern economic history provides one valuable lesson. Countries that have made tech advances and achieved high-income status did so through two successive transitions. The first set of changes is importing technologies and business models from more advanced economies and diffusing this knowledge at scale in their domestic economy. The second phase of structural change, commonly called innovation, occurs mainly in successful upper-middle-income countries. This transition involves a deliberate shift from imitating and adapting tech used in advanced economies to building own capabilities to change leading global tech and products. Successful infusion efforts have marked reversals of fortune in several parts of the world. 1) Korea - An important component of industrial policy in Korea was incentives for tech investment. In particular, Korea subsidized the adoption of foreign. Firms received tax credits for royalty payment or R&D expenditures. Data on innovation grants were made publicly available. 2) Malaysia - Became a successful country through infusion-centered and export-oriented growth that replaced import substitution policies in the mid-1980s. Tech embodied in FDI was important for developing and structuring the country's industrial base. As policy makers shift their emphasis toward innovation, they should first combine a lot of investment with a lot of infusion. In many middle-income countries, policies need to be revisited and upgraded to reward merit activities. But this will require a change in mindset. Policy makers should think in terms of adding value: economic, social, and environmental. That requires changes in policies to enhance value added across the economy through the efficient resource utilization of talent, capital and energy. Although money is important, entrepreneurial success is not all about money. Most entrepreneurs need to be connected with networks of  entrepreneurs to fully assess whether they and their ideas are fit for entrepreneurship. Accelerator programs are a relativity recent addition to the variety of programs that direct knowledge, social and financial capital to promising people and ideas. They provide training and technical assistance, along with mentorship, and networking support. Y Combinator, launched in 2005, is widely regarded as the first accelerator program. A highly competitive process allows founders to join a three-month program of capability assessment and upgrading in which their ideas are pitched to investors. After the program's inception, 5,000 US-based start-ups accelerated between 2005 and 2015 raised nearly US$20 billion in venture capital.

The Future of Activism: Populations Poised to Increase Pressure Worldwide

                Since the creation of this blog in 2010, its counter of visualizations doesn't work and the same is happening with my YouTube channel since its creation in 2020. For no reason,  I'm being  harmed in so many ways and for so long. Why can I not have a YouTube channel and blog with their counter of visualizations working like everyone else? However, all the world is demanding justice and equality. The Brazilian institutions including from the government must do more to increase political inclusion, fairness, responsiveness to public demands and accountability. Once again I'd like to thank everyone doing this worldwide movement stronger than ever, using their time and internet to raise awareness to injustices happening around the world. If you want to know my channel, watch my videos, here is the link https://youtube.com/@lucianofietto4773?si=KvQJG6g3z4r_ziJi    This post is a summary with the book with the title above published in 2021 at   https://www.dni.gov/files/images/globalTrends/GT2040/NIC-2021-02495-Future-of-Public-Activism_18Nov21_UNSOURCED.pdf

                      Over the next two decades, populations in every region and in every type of political system are likely to demand more from their political and corporate leaders, potentially prompting those leaders to be more responsive and possibly accountable. During the past decade, activism has been on the rise in every region, including high-profile protests and demonstrations. The combined increases in education, urbanization, and access to communication technologies are equipping people to express their interests and needs and seek more government action. As activism continues to expand and potentially becomes more sophisticated, governments of all types will seek avenues to respond, either by attempting to appease public demands or by suppressing avenues for activism. Over time, this dynamic will offer the prospect for more accountable leadership and improved democratic health. Worldwide trust in public and private institutions and their leaders have been persistently low during the past decade. Public in every region have become more concerned about the future, even as their personal incomes have risen. In some countries, the share of the population expecting their children's future financial situation to be worse than that of their parents has risen sharply, rising to 35% in Brazil between 2013 and 2018, for example. This distrust in the system and worries for the future reflect growing public concern about corruption, globalization, eroding social values, and the pace of innovation. This discontent has led to a surge in public activism in the past decade in every region across the world. Especially in developing countries,the intensity of activism is likely to increase. The reduction in people's preoccupation with imediate financial concerns facilitates a wider scope of awareness and ambition beyond immediate needs. Moreover, as people become wealthier in developing countries, they often express rising economic and social expectations in terms of material benefits, such as better healthcare, housing and education. In all regions of the world, increasing access to education is providing people greater awareness of the domestic and international dynamics shaping their lives as well as an increasing understanding of the levers for change at their disposal. Social media and the inexpensive near-instantaneous flow of information have grown exponentially, giving real-time awareness of events and the tools and techniques to improve people's ability to organize. This greater global connectivity is likely to magnify collective action, extending the trend of increasing public confrontation with traditional hierarchies and devaluation of conventional sources of authority. Social media tools give organizers the ability to generate and focus public attention on issues and causes. Individuals can bypass the publishing industry and other traditional intermediaries and communicate directly to the broader public to achieve a range of results. In just 5 years, the number of people using the internet has grown by 36%. Global social media users increased to 4.2 billion in 2021, an 82% gain in 5 years and equivalent to 53% of the world population. Projecting forward, global internet penetration is forecast to reach 90% by 2030. Increasing activism can be an indication of democratic health and offer the prospect of more accountable leadership, but this dynamic also comes with risks, including more factionalized government, reduced policy coherence, and lack of long-term strategic planning. Public engagement with political leadership can improve responsiveness to public needs and increase accountability. Increasing public agitation on competing sides can further polarize political processes and undermine elected officials' efforts to reconcile  divergent policy views and reach compromise solutions to national challenges. This can result in fluctuating, contradictory, and ineffective policies. Occasionally incoming leaders respond to niche pressure or depart from orthodox policies that are the result of longstanding commitments and negotiated tradeoffs. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi came to office in 2014 as a trade liberalizer under the slogan "Minimum government, maximum governance." However, in response to political pressure and to protect certain domestic industries, including the agricultural sector, he raised import duties on more than 40 goods in the 2018-19. Policies designed to satisfy narrow constituencies risk sacrificing long-accepted strategic logic and jettisoning crafted international agreements.

Brazil of the Future: Towards Productivity, Inclusion, and Sustainability - Part II

                 Since the creation of this blog in 2010, its counter of visualizations doesn't work and the same is happening with my YouTube channel since its creation in 2020. For no reason,  I'm being  harmed in so many ways and for so long. Why can I not have a YouTube channel and blog with their counter of visualizations working like everyone else? However, all the world is demanding justice and equality. The Brazilian institutions including from the government must do more to increase political inclusion, fairness, innovation and productivity. The world is demanding a fairer, inclusive and better Brazil, because they know about our huge potential and it must be heard for all.  If you want to know my channel here is the link https://youtube.com/@lucianofietto4773?si=KvQJG6g3z4r_ziJi     This post is a summary of the same book from last weekend, book published in 2023 at https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/brazil/publication/brazil-future-towards-productivity-inclusion-sustainability 

                       The policies that Brazil needs in the next 20 years to respond to the megatrends are the same policies that enable an economy to innovate. Brazil needs policies to support growth and to boost productivity through innovation. These policies can be placed into categories that complement the levels of innovation: institutions that stimulate competition between firms and lower barriers to technological transfer, efficient allocation of resources to markets, removal of distortions in the financial markets, and high skilled workforce. Other reforms are not removing barriers to innovation levers but about realizing their potential to raise productivity. For example, a reform in the financial market would be to extend to housing and rural credit lines. Because the innovation levers are influenced by government capabilities, reforms to raise public sector productivity should also be a priority. Policies are needed to attract and retain FDI, in particular in key service sectors that are enablers for the rest of the economy. Reducing restrictions on FDI in modern services can enhance inflows of technology and capital into modern services like ICT, finance, and business services. Brazil faces opportunities and challenges on its way to higher productivity growth through innovation. First, higher levels of competition are desirable. Second, Brazil still needs to improve the quality of its education and expand it at all levels. Third, adopting tech from more advanced economies, through FDI and trade, can boost productivity by enabling adaptive innovation. Fiscal policy is one key lever for Brazil to shape its future. But fiscal space is limited. Brazil is spending an increasing share of its budget on interest payment. Public spending on education increased as a share of GDP in recent years, despite a reduction in the number of students in the system due to demographic changes and migration to private schools. Population ageing opens a opportunity for Brazil to improve educational outcomes without putting too much pressure on the government budget. Brazil invests too little in infrastructure. Spending has fallen dramatically over the years, from about 4.8% of GDP in the 1980s, to just over 2% in the 2010s, and to only 1.6% in 2020.  Brazil has one of the strongest public-private investment frameworks among Latin American countries that could prove a major boon as Brazil steps up its infrastructure priorities. Social trust affects Brazilians' perceptions of the future in ways crucial for long-term policy planning. Trust not only affects the credibility of promises to deliver public goods, but also shapes citizens' expectations and the ways in which they decide to plan for the future. Improvements in subjective well-being coincided with rising per capita incomes and growing political inclusion. Polling data show that citizens are deeply concerned with the quality of public services. Recent findings from the IPSOS survey commissioned for this study about Brazil's future, citizens consider the improvement in education and health as priorities to eliminate poverty, alongside giving the poor more voice. Improving safety to increase trust. Although it has decreased in recent years, Brazil is still one of the most violent countries in the world, with a homicide rate of 30.4 per 100,000 inhabitants (IHME 2021). Violence can have serious consequences on the safety, leading to an environment of fear and mistrust. It also generates economic burden. According to President's Executive Office (2018) the cost of criminal activity in Brazil have escalated to R$285 billion in 2015. This can be achieved by deterring and controlling violence through higher conviction rates and more severe punishments, as well as by reducing environmental and individual risk factors for violence, through community interventions that build social capital and cohesion, and by allowing conflict resolutions through negotiations. Sustainable economic and social progress requires governments to make decisions that go beyond responding to the short-term needs of voters. Trust in government in Brazil is lower than in other countries, and particularly among the better educated, women and urban dwellers. According to Gallup World Poll, fewer than 30% of Brazilians trust government. Interpersonal trust is also exceptionally low in Brazil, even when compared with other Latin America countries. The worst scenario to Brazil is to keep its low productivity, low inclusion and environmental degradation, so this is what can happen. Following years of highly uneven service delivery and low job creation, the country is now approaching a new state of crisis. And the population seems to have lost faith in government and policymakers. The middle class and the poor are fed up with the lack of progress, the diminishing job opportunities, making them more susceptible to populism and clientelistic policies. Agreeing on a set of key performance indicators could help Brazil keep track of its progress. Selecting such indicators would allow governments and citizens to monitor which scenario the country is likely to moving into and take corrections as needed. Continuous innovation is critical to making progress. Too many Brazilians are still kept from contributing to their own fortunes and their country's economy, a major missed opportunity. At the same time, the old growth model will not deliver future prosperity, especially given the headwinds of megatrends. There are risks to inaction, and major opportunities from action. This book provides many entry points for the latter